The benthic ecology and community structure in Lyttelton Harbour ...

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77. sed iments I.rJcre explained and their limi ts es tablisher1 .. (11 ) In section 3 dealing wi th the fauna 7 brief mention was made of the benthic environment, particll]aCly in 'connection with turbidity in muddy areas, and a full species list drawn up~ A broad outline of the faunal assemblages related to the local conditions was given and particular attention paid to the apparent effects of the growth of a filamentous red alga. A table dr~wn ·up showed numbers of animals per square metre during the periods of no algal growth, heavy ~lgal growthj and at a control site near the zone of algal cover. An abundance of filter feeders in the sandy mud areas C1.nd a. similar abundance of deposit feeders in the muddy regions was shown. Twenty four indicator species that had been selected as abundant and distributed different lly over all sediment types had their distributions mapped on a presence or absence basis.. Their ecology in the ha~bour was also discussed individually. (5) An analysis of the structure of the fauna with the intention of defining communities was undertaken us -Lng Pager's recu L't"cnt g t"oup analys is and mu Itiple disc.!:'iminant analysis.. Fager's analysis produced t.hree groups that were taken to represen~ communities, one. group that'was later termed an association and a large number of species that d not occur associated oft0f1 enough to correspond to a community... These were grouped into a cohtinuum on the basis of knowledge.of the are0 gained ~uring the field workw The multiple discriminant analysis produced four: groups correctly identifying the Chione stut.chbur.Yi bed and the sand community. Again a mass of sites
78. representing the, continuum was assembled. Another group that could not b~ posItively related to any species or sediment condition, was produced. The separation of the groups was shown graphically by plotting disciiminant functions. (6) Section 5 was concerned with the identification of the communities that had been postulated from the results of the analyses.. 1\ sandy group was termed t-J-p: Zeacolpus vittatus - Pectina.ria antipoda community and a muddy assemblage named the Virqulaxia gracillima ~~ 'l1emiplux h let ipes communi ty. The dens e Chione s ttl tch~)ury i bed \vas also ca lIed a communi ty but a group of oppol:--tunis 1:: sessile and sheltering species was thought to be better called an association. The present study was compared with that of Powell (1936) in Auckland Harbour, Estcourt (1967) in the Marlborough Sounds, and Ralph and Yaldwyn (1956) jn Otago Harbour near Portobello. Criticisms and justifications of the continuum concept were briefly discussed and the reasons for its existence in Lyttelton Harbour examined. It was suggested that this situation has developed because of the large range of sediments and the sl-:abili ty of these rela ti Vp to the current paths$ Human influence on the harbour with reference to oil pollution, rubbish dumping, and sewage disposal was mentioned and it was concluded that at present the effects from this are small.
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THE BENTHIC ECOLOGY AND COM~UNITY S
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Figure LIST OF FIGURES 1 Lyttelton
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Figure 15~12 The distribution of Mi
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Table LIST OF TABLES Follo'V!ing Pa
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SECTION ,SECTION S8CTION ? • 9..
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1. SECTION 1 LYTTELTON HARBOUR; GEN
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FIGURE 1. Lyttelton Harbour relativ
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The,choppy seas produced by these t
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Mt. Evans 4
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FIGURE 3. Annual ranges of temperat
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, ::l", This contras ts sharply w
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1 MLW 0 1 2 3 4 5 transect 1. U) w
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MLWO - -.-- 1 2 3 4 5 transect 3. 6
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FIGURE 6. Map of Lyttelton Harbour
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very deep water studies where the s
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9. are shown in FigG 7. The numbers
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1000 100 CI:IJ epib. sl/ I 'orange
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11. boat was stopped and sled lower
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13. 1.9 Analysis of the data One of
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15. 2.2 Sediment sources Three majo
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17. is particularly apparent ar6und
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N ~ ~ MUDDY SAND PREDOMINANTLY MUD
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FIGURE 9. Directions and, speeds in
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FIGURE 10. Graphical representation
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eference to Fig.10 shows that a ~ur
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o = - L092 diameter. mm Phi (
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22. Where the range is small with a
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FIGURE 12. Regression relating mean
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of the sediment. and organic carbon
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100 80 I 12 60 40 20 o I- 100 Z W 8
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100 80 k14 k 8 60 40 20 0 ~ 100 Z W
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100 80 9 20 i 19 60 40 20 o I- 100
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100 80 h6 i4 60 40 20 b I- 100 Z w
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100 80 9 28 j 24 60 40 I-- 20 o I-
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100 80 100 9 22 80 h 21 60 60 40 40
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100 80 22 22 - 60 _ r-- 40 _ - 20 t
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26. 25 0 C are commqn. There is fre
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28. Crossaster iaponicus Al1ostich~
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10. t Pont Ius australis (Thompson,
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32. 2 or 3 animals thic~ with a bio
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FIGURE; 14. Composition of fauna in
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34. alga. disappears before the opp
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35. The normal inhabitants of the m
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Pontophilus austral is Vi rgularia
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37. (3) Chion~ stutchbutyi (Fig 15.
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Chione stutchburyi ) Myodora st ri~
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FIG 15.5 The distribut~on Lyttelton
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39. ex~ent of"2 or 3 ~er square met
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Ha lie arc i nus w hit e i Austromi
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The distribution of LytteltonHarbou
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41. channel and a very dense growth
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Sepiola pacifica M icrelenchus hut
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43. (13)' Zege~erus tenuis (Fi~ 15.
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Zegelerus tenuis Maoricol pus roseu
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FIG 15.15 The distribution of Achel
Page 112 and 113: I}S. (18) Hemiplax hirtipes (Pig 15
Page 114 and 115: Xymene plebejus Hemiplax hirtipes
Page 116 and 117: Trochus tiaratus Aste rina regul ar
Page 118 and 119: FIG 15.21 The distribution of Nucul
Page 120 and 121: to the more normal figure of 3 to 4
Page 122 and 123: Ostrea heffordi Nectocarcinus a nt
Page 124 and 125: 49. have been found packed with Pon
Page 126 and 127: 51. SECTION 4 COMMUNITIES 4.1 Intro
Page 128 and 129: 53. communities. among workers The
Page 130 and 131: 55. 4.4- . Fager'~ recurrent groups
Page 132 and 133: FIGURE 16 A trell diagram drawn fro
Page 134 and 135: FIGURE 17 A schematic representatio
Page 136 and 137: 57. their ranges were not en~irely
Page 138 and 139: 59. analysis had shown that there w
Page 140 and 141: 60. mud and mudd~ regions and basic
Page 142 and 143: 61. difference in the discrirrinati
Page 144 and 145: 30 ,- o Z 20 T=" o o ~ . 10 ...J o
Page 146 and 147: 30 M. 20 o Z -,... o )( - . 10 ..J
Page 148 and 149: 63. SECTION 5 DISCUSSION 5.1 The si
Page 150 and 151: 65. situation must extent over the
Page 152 and 153: 67. The third grouping as disclosed
Page 154 and 155: 69. lY1aor:icolpus being filled by
Page 156 and 157: Atrina zelandica. There is some r~s
Page 158 and 159: 73. 5.4 The continuum related to th
Page 160 and 161: 75. 5.5 Human activities influencin
Page 164 and 165: 7f) REFcnENCES Braun Blanquet'J J o
Page 166 and 167: 81 of San Pedro Basin, Southern Cal
Page 168 and 169: 83 Piper, C .. S., 1947: Soil pIa n
Page 170 and 171: Wiesser, W., 1960: Benthic studies
Page 172 and 173: APPENDIX (1) Sediment analysis (1)
Page 174 and 175: iii APPENDIX (2) Organic Analysis T
Page 176 and 177: v l~rroL"s Present In many sediment
Page 178 and 179: ,: i \ SITE DISrt~RSION S l\ F." J
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