The benthic ecology and community structure in Lyttelton Harbour ...

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12 .. various grain sizes. For the analysis two methods were used, sieving and pipetting. The first of these, si , separated the coarser fraction into seven thirty minutes agit on on a "Rotap" shaking machine. The ,material that sed through the finest sieve was suspended in a solution of sodium hexa-metaphos in distilled, water. This acted as an antiflocculant. Using the princip that the settling velocity of particles is proportional to their diameter the suspension was placed in a one litre cylinder and pipette samples extracted from a constant depth pre-determined times (it (For details see appendix 1.-) D Is of the results of the sediment analyses are tabu in appendix 3. For computer analysis only one subsieve grade was used. This combination gave eight divisions that covered most of the sand to mud criteria. These data were later used in a mUltivariate computer program. The other parameter estimated was the amount of organic carbon in the sediments. This was measured using a modified "Walkley and Black" wet combustion method using hot chromic acid and titrating with ferrous sulphate. Diphenylamine was used as an indicator.' Th~s method estimated the percentage of "available carbon" ignoring the carbon empty shells and particles of calcium carbonate. is however affected by salt in the sediment ~nd this is corrected for by subtractin'g one twelfth of the percentage of salt in the sediment from the calculated carbon content. Since carbon is only one of several major atoms making up organic molecules the calculated value may be multiplied by 2.4 to estimate the percentage of organic matter in the sample (see appendix 2 for full details).
13. 1.9 Analysis of the data One of the most sat factory ways of analysing data to define communities by mUltivariate analysis. A discriminate analysis computer program was selected from the I.BoM. scientific subroutines package and used in the University of Canterbury's I.B.Mo 360/44 computer. Preliminary examination of the data resulted in the sel on of 24 of the most widespread animals as indicator species and in the selection of 40 of the 70 stations for incorporation in the analysis program. These stations had well sorted sediments that could be readily placed into one Df the three categories - sand, sandy mud, or mud - and had also been analysed for organic content. data were then punched onto computer cards so that each station was examined for the presence or absence of indicator species. Sediment data were added before the deck was processed.
Page 1 and 2: THE BENTHIC ECOLOGY AND COM~UNITY S
Page 3 and 4: Figure LIST OF FIGURES 1 Lyttelton
Page 5 and 6: Figure 15~12 The distribution of Mi
Page 7 and 8: Table LIST OF TABLES Follo'V!ing Pa
Page 9 and 10: SECTION ,SECTION S8CTION ? • 9..
Page 11 and 12: 1. SECTION 1 LYTTELTON HARBOUR; GEN
Page 13 and 14: FIGURE 1. Lyttelton Harbour relativ
Page 15 and 16: The,choppy seas produced by these t
Page 17 and 18: Mt. Evans 4
Page 19 and 20: FIGURE 3. Annual ranges of temperat
Page 21 and 22: , ::l", This contras ts sharply w
Page 23 and 24: 1 MLW 0 1 2 3 4 5 transect 1. U) w
Page 25 and 26: MLWO - -.-- 1 2 3 4 5 transect 3. 6
Page 27 and 28: FIGURE 6. Map of Lyttelton Harbour
Page 29 and 30: very deep water studies where the s
Page 31 and 32: 9. are shown in FigG 7. The numbers
Page 33 and 34: 1000 100 CI:IJ epib. sl/ I 'orange
Page 35: 11. boat was stopped and sled lower
Page 39 and 40: 15. 2.2 Sediment sources Three majo
Page 41 and 42: 17. is particularly apparent ar6und
Page 43 and 44: N ~ ~ MUDDY SAND PREDOMINANTLY MUD
Page 45: FIGURE 9. Directions and, speeds in
Page 48 and 49: FIGURE 10. Graphical representation
Page 50 and 51: eference to Fig.10 shows that a ~ur
Page 52 and 53: o = - L092 diameter. mm Phi (
Page 54 and 55: 22. Where the range is small with a
Page 56 and 57: FIGURE 12. Regression relating mean
Page 58 and 59: of the sediment. and organic carbon
Page 60 and 61: 100 80 I 12 60 40 20 o I- 100 Z W 8
Page 62 and 63: 100 80 k14 k 8 60 40 20 0 ~ 100 Z W
Page 64 and 65: 100 80 9 20 i 19 60 40 20 o I- 100
Page 66 and 67: 100 80 h6 i4 60 40 20 b I- 100 Z w
Page 68 and 69: 100 80 9 28 j 24 60 40 I-- 20 o I-
Page 70 and 71: 100 80 100 9 22 80 h 21 60 60 40 40
Page 72 and 73: 100 80 22 22 - 60 _ r-- 40 _ - 20 t
Page 74 and 75: 26. 25 0 C are commqn. There is fre
Page 76 and 77: 28. Crossaster iaponicus Al1ostich~
Page 78 and 79: 10. t Pont Ius australis (Thompson,
Page 80 and 81: 32. 2 or 3 animals thic~ with a bio
Page 82 and 83: FIGURE; 14. Composition of fauna in
Page 84 and 85: 34. alga. disappears before the opp
Page 86 and 87:
35. The normal inhabitants of the m
Page 88 and 89:
Pontophilus austral is Vi rgularia
Page 90 and 91:
37. (3) Chion~ stutchbutyi (Fig 15.
Page 92 and 93:
Chione stutchburyi ) Myodora st ri~
Page 94 and 95:
FIG 15.5 The distribut~on Lyttelton
Page 96 and 97:
39. ex~ent of"2 or 3 ~er square met
Page 98 and 99:
Ha lie arc i nus w hit e i Austromi
Page 100 and 101:
The distribution of LytteltonHarbou
Page 102 and 103:
41. channel and a very dense growth
Page 104 and 105:
Sepiola pacifica M icrelenchus hut
Page 106 and 107:
43. (13)' Zege~erus tenuis (Fi~ 15.
Page 108 and 109:
Zegelerus tenuis Maoricol pus roseu
Page 110 and 111:
FIG 15.15 The distribution of Achel
Page 112 and 113:
I}S. (18) Hemiplax hirtipes (Pig 15
Page 114 and 115:
Xymene plebejus Hemiplax hirtipes
Page 116 and 117:
Trochus tiaratus Aste rina regul ar
Page 118 and 119:
FIG 15.21 The distribution of Nucul
Page 120 and 121:
to the more normal figure of 3 to 4
Page 122 and 123:
Ostrea heffordi Nectocarcinus a nt
Page 124 and 125:
49. have been found packed with Pon
Page 126 and 127:
51. SECTION 4 COMMUNITIES 4.1 Intro
Page 128 and 129:
53. communities. among workers The
Page 130 and 131:
55. 4.4- . Fager'~ recurrent groups
Page 132 and 133:
FIGURE 16 A trell diagram drawn fro
Page 134 and 135:
FIGURE 17 A schematic representatio
Page 136 and 137:
57. their ranges were not en~irely
Page 138 and 139:
59. analysis had shown that there w
Page 140 and 141:
60. mud and mudd~ regions and basic
Page 142 and 143:
61. difference in the discrirrinati
Page 144 and 145:
30 ,- o Z 20 T=" o o ~ . 10 ...J o
Page 146 and 147:
30 M. 20 o Z -,... o )( - . 10 ..J
Page 148 and 149:
63. SECTION 5 DISCUSSION 5.1 The si
Page 150 and 151:
65. situation must extent over the
Page 152 and 153:
67. The third grouping as disclosed
Page 154 and 155:
69. lY1aor:icolpus being filled by
Page 156 and 157:
Atrina zelandica. There is some r~s
Page 158 and 159:
73. 5.4 The continuum related to th
Page 160 and 161:
75. 5.5 Human activities influencin
Page 162 and 163:
77. sed iments I.rJcre explained an
Page 164 and 165:
7f) REFcnENCES Braun Blanquet'J J o
Page 166 and 167:
81 of San Pedro Basin, Southern Cal
Page 168 and 169:
83 Piper, C .. S., 1947: Soil pIa n
Page 170 and 171:
Wiesser, W., 1960: Benthic studies
Page 172 and 173:
APPENDIX (1) Sediment analysis (1)
Page 174 and 175:
iii APPENDIX (2) Organic Analysis T
Page 176 and 177:
v l~rroL"s Present In many sediment
Page 178 and 179:
,: i \ SITE DISrt~RSION S l\ F." J
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