Handbook of Surveillance Technologies (3rd Ed) - The Real Faces of ...

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Handbook of Surveillance Technologies Accurate weather forecasting can save hundreds, sometimes thousands of lives, and may help minimize property damage by encouraging the reinforcement of levees, storm windows, and other protective structures. Detailed satellite and aircraft-derived weather images of weather patterns, especially of impending storms, are of commercial interest, as well, to newscasters, boaters, commercial fishers, firefighters, production companies, and insurance adjusters. Surveillance is also used by competitive businesses (and sometimes by governments) for unethical purposes. Seemingly benign technologies, when used covertly to gather information of a competitive nature, may give the surveilling parties an unfair or illegal advantage. It may also widen the economic gap between developed nations and nations that don’t have access to technology. Repurposing Curran reports that the U.S. agricultural industry has gathered information on global agricultural production and mineral exploration in order to assess international markets. The first comprehensive inventory was called the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) and was undertaken from 1974 to 1977 (MacDonald 1979). Wheat production of the USSR, Latin America, China, Australia, and India was estimated by multiplying the crop area derived from the Landsat sensor data by the estimated crop yield derived from meteorological satellite sensor data [Curran 1980a]. [Paul J. Curran, Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman Group, Ltd., 1985.] The LACIE agricultural survey was not initiated as a spy project, per se. It was a joint effort by NASA, the National Weather Service, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to “develop and test a crop forecasting system using Landsat data”. At the time, it was found to be more difficult to identify and differentiate specific crops than was expected, but satellite imagery has improved significantly since 1974 and such systems have become more practical. The controversy centers around the fact that satellites circle the globe—forecasters monitor not only domestic crops, but the crops of foreign nations. This information can give countries or corporations with access to satellite data unfair market advantages over less developed nations. The development of dual-purpose satellites is not uncommon. The Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), was originally intended to provide data for storm warnings and space-based reconnaissance for the Department of Defense (DoD). However, a number of changes occurred and Lockheed was contracted for a reconaissance-focused project that evolved into the Satellite Military Observation System (SAMOS). At about the same time, the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) initiated Project Janus to test RCA’s idea of putting a television camera in space for use as either a meteorology or surveillance system. When the DoD assigned satellite reconnaissance to the Air Force in 1958, the focus of Janus II became meteorology rather than reconnaissance, and Janus was transferred to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the organization that developed ARPANET, the forerunner to the Internet. Janus II was renamed TIROS. TIROS was transferred to NASA with the understanding that they would cooperate with the Weather Bureau on its development. Interest in reconnaissance continued, however and, in the 1960s, the Air Force began developing a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) to meet military needs. For a while, the technologies for military and meteorological satellites moved along separate paths, but were brought together again when the Weather Bureau and NASA parted company and the DoD offered launch services for Weather Bureau satellites. The Weather Bureau evolved into the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and returned to a cooperative position with NASA (see the Aerial Surveillance chapter for further details on satellite surveillance). 22
Chapter 1 - Introduction & Overview 3.d. Nonprofit and Public Welfare Applications Surveillance technologies are also used by public-concern watchdog agencies. These organizations monitor government and corporate activities, pollution, investment patterns, natural resources, and price policies. In turn, governments use surveillance technologies to monitor real and perceived radical militant groups and those suspected of terrorist intentions. The definition of ‘terrorist’ can be quite broad, which extends a surveillance mandate to almost anyone. As an example, peaceful protesters handing out peanut butter sandwiches outside Halliburton offices to protest corporate overcharge on government food contracts in Iraq had their names recorded as possible threats to national security. Nonprofit applications of surveillance technologies include monitoring environments, crops, wildlife, pollution, sociopolitical unrest, corporate management, manufacture of consumer goods, and military activities. 3.e. Personal Applications Since the mid-1990s, surveillance technologies, particularly motion detectors, video cameras, and computer-related devices, have become consumer items and many surveillance images end up “in the wild” (broadly available to anyone on the Internet). Thus, there is a need to educate the public about the various devices, how they could or should be used, and their implications for personal freedoms and privacy. 4. Origins and Evolution Each chapter includes historical background to put the technological development of a particular device or class of devices into its social context. The historical sections in each chapter generally stand on their own, except that there is overlap between the chapters on radio devices and audio listening devices. It is worthwhile to cross-reference these. There is also some overlap between the infrared and aerial surveillance chapters, since infrared has become an important aspect of aerial surveillance. These, too, should be cross-referenced. They don’t necessarily have to be read in sequential order. Important milestones and events of a general nature regarding surveillance and the organizations and policies that have governed their use are described here. 4.a. Introduction People have been spying for thousands of years. However, more organized and sophisticated surveillance operations became prevalent around the time of the Italian Renaissance. The Formalization of Surveillance and Intelligence Gathering Governments and individuals have surveilled each other since the dawn of competitiveness and political awareness. China, with its turbulent history and many dynasties has a long tradition of imperial and military spying. Similarly, western intelligence-gathering arose as a result of centuries-old conflicts between nations such as England and France. In 1573, when Queen Elizabeth I appointed Sir Francis, the Earl of Walsingham, as her Joint Secretary of State, she set the stage for a formalized secret service branch. Sir Francis became known for intercepting secret communications from Mary Queen of Scots, information that led to Mary’s long imprisonment. Walsingham was a dedicated and meticulous administrator, who established a permanent peacetime intelligence service that became the British secret services. 23
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American Intelligence Journal 94 Am
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lack hole 669 black light 619, 640,
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chemical weapons 57 Chemical Weapon
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CODIS 849 DNA 815, 817 entomology 7
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energy 626 spectrum 295, 356, 419 e
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Franklin, Rosalind E. 832 fraud 54,
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hypothermia 70 HySub 262 I IANA 993
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keylogger 983 key pad 154 keystroke
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Middle East 21 MiG 384 migration 63
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India 209 underground 208 nuclear w
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Privacy for Consumers and Workers A
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eplication 114, 120 Repository of S
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sniffer 74, 692, 726, 779, 788 soap
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Surveillance Towed Array Sensor 253
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U.S. Office of Naval Research 218,
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wire gauge 113 wireless 107, 113, 1
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