solar thermal power - Greenpeace

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Table 28: European Union Targets for Renewable Electricity in 2010 Country RES-E in 1997 (%) RES-E 2010 Target (%) Belgium 1.1 6.0 Denmark 8.7 29.0 Germany 4.5 12.5 Greece 8.6 20.1 Spain 19.9 29.4 France 15.0 21.0 Ireland 3.6 13.2 Italy 16.0 25.0 Luxembourg 2.1 5.7 Netherlands 3.5 9.0 Austria 70.0 78.1 Portugal 38.5 39.0 Finland 24.7 31.5 Sweden 49.1 60.0 United Kingdom 1.7 10.0 Community 13.9 22.1 Source: Directive 2001/77/EC on the Promotion of Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources The table below shows the national targets for supply from renewable energy expected in the 15 current EU member countries, expressed as a percentage of gross national electricity consumption. The majority of current supply comes from large hydro stations, although this technology is already widely exploited and will not represent a major new renewable source in Europe. Most of Europe’s renewable energy supply increase will therefore come from biomass plants, wind energy parks, small hydro and solar thermal power plants. In the US, Renewable Portfolio Standards have been established to gradually increase the contribution of clean, renewable power in the supply mix of some of its federal states. If utility companies are failing to reach certain agreed targets, they will be penalised through compensation payments. This mechanism, with initial targets for 2-5% of a state’s total electricity demand by 2005 and 2010, respectively, already starting to work. As a result, Nevada and Arizona are both negotiating long-term power purchase contracts for their first new solar thermal power plants. • Specific Policy Mechanisms – the Case of European “Feed-In Laws” A specific European policy mechanism which has enabled the achievement of renewable energy supply targets is the fixed tariff system, where a specific tariff rate or premium is allocated to particular renewable technologies. These rates and premiums reflect the relative cost difference of the specific renewable technology compared to the price offered by the liberalised power market for bulk power. Utility companies are obliged to buy all renewable power produced at the rates established in the specific feed-In law. The differential cost of renewable power compared to the market price of bulk fossil or nuclear generated electricity is borne by the electricity ratepayer. The most successful feed-in law schemes have been established in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Spain, with the most remarkable result that about 20,000 MW of wind power is currently on stream. Biomass and small hydro power plants are also increasing. Surprisingly, considering its cost-effectiveness amongst solar power technologies, solar thermal power had not been included in any feed-in tariff system until Spain published its “Prima” in September 2002. SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS 44
3. Public-Private Partnerships for Introducing Solar Thermal Power • The GEF-BMU-KfW-ESTIA/SEIA Approach At the International Executive Conference on Concentrating Solar Power, held in Berlin, Germany in 2002, the Global Environmental Facility, the German Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau bank, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, and both the European and American Solar Thermal Power Industry Associations discussed a Global Market Initiative for Concentrating Solar Power and defined strategies for its rapid and large-scale market introduction. This strategy was published as the Declaration of Berlin. The participants included politicians, senior government executives, the financial community, donor organisations, the CSP industry, independent power project developers and potential plant owners from 16 countries. The participating stakeholder groups supported the launching of a CSP Global Market Initiative to be further substantiated at the follow-up conference in Palm Springs, California in October 2003. SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS 45
Page 1 and 2: SOLAR THERMAL POWER EXPLOITING THE
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Power from the Su
Page 7 and 8: KEY RESULTS FROM GREENPEACE-ESTIA S
Page 9 and 10: Solar thermal power uses direct sun
Page 11 and 12: Arial View of five 30MW SEGS plants
Page 13 and 14: Table 2: Comparison of Solar Therma
Page 15 and 16: Figure 7: Side view of a EuroTrough
Page 17 and 18: Solar Costs “For the current stat
Page 19 and 20: Figure 8: Parabolic Trough Power Pl
Page 21 and 22: Cost Trends Installed capital costs
Page 23 and 24: Figure 10: AndaSol Configuration di
Page 25 and 26: Climate Change and Fuel Choices Car
Page 27 and 28: Progress on developing the market h
Page 29 and 30: In other countries with a large sol
Page 31 and 32: Table 6: Solar Thermal Power Target
Page 33 and 34: The key findings were: • The sola
Page 35 and 36: Italy In 2001, the Italian parliame
Page 37 and 38: KEY RESULTS FROM GREENPEACE-ESTIA S
Page 39 and 40: Table 8: Solar Thermal Power by 202
Page 41 and 42: Table 16: Latin America Year OECD-L
Page 43 and 44: Table 24: Case Study: Israel Year I
Page 45: For those nations still in developm
Page 49 and 50: III. Improve financing mechanisms E
Page 51 and 52: By 2040 the proportion of global el

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