TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES 6-1, 2013 EDITION

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32 Trends in Biosciences 6 (1), 2013 Fig. 3. Animal recovered completely after 5 days The supportive therapy was continued for 5 days. The animal completely recovered after 5 days of treatment (Fig.3). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Snake venom is highly modified saliva containing zootoxins. According to Halliday and Tim, 2002 venoms contain more than 20 different compounds, mostly proteins and polypeptides. A complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and various other substances with toxic and lethal properties are responsible for the biological effects (Bauchot, 1994). In the case of Russell’s viper the usual manifestations comprise persistent pain and swelling of the bitten limb with oozing of blood from the bitesite. It may be followed by generalized vascular injury with severe external and internal haemorrhage. Death may result from cardio vascular shock or renal failure. Antivenom should be administered as soon as possible after the diagnosis of envenomation. Antivenin is highly beneficial because its action is the only direct and specific mechanism for neutralizing snake venom. Moderate to severe pain caused by snake bite responds well to paracetamol. Envenomation requires intensive treatment, starting with IV fluids to combat hypotension. Administration of corticosteroids helps to control shock, protect against tissue damage caused due to envenomation, and reduces the possible allergic reactions to antivenin. Tetanus antitoxin and antibacterial agents are administered to prevent tetanus and bacterial infections respectively, as the fangs of snake are likely to contain bacteria. Other supportive treatment (eg. antacids, haemostats etc.) is given as and when needed. LITERATURE CITED Bauchot, R. 1994. Snakes: A Natural History. New York City, NY, USA: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 194-209. Halliday, A. and Tim, Kraig 2002. Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Toronto, Canada: Firefly Books Ltd. pp. 202-203 Whitaker, Z. 1990. Snakeman. Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 192. Recieved on 08-11-2012 Accepted on 23-01-2013
Trends in Biosciences 6 (1): 33-35, 2013 Biology and Feeding Potential of Cheilomenus sexmaculata (Fab.) on Bean Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) and Mustard Aphid (Liphaphis erysimi L.) AKSHAY KUMAR, C.S. PRASAD AND G.N. TIWARI Department of Entomology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Uni. of Agric. and Tech., Meerut (U.P.) India email: akshaypanwar1259@gmail.com ABSTRACT An experiment “biology and feeding potential of Cheilomenus sexmaculata on bean aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) and mustard aphid (Liphaphis erysimi L.)” was carried out at Biocontrol Laboratory, S.V.P.U.A. & T., Meerut (U.P.) India. The ladybird beetle C. sexmaculata completed their life cycle in 18-27 days. C. sexmaculata laid eggs ranged 150-210 eggs during her life period. The 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th instar larval period lasted for 2.67±0.33 days (ranged 2-3 days), 2.00±0.58 (ranged 1-3 days), 2.67±0.33 (ranged 2-3 days) and 4.00±0.58 (ranged 3-5 days), respectively. Fourth and final instar grubs were deep black in colour, when freshly moulted but changed to dull black in colour before prepupation. The pre-pupal period was lost in 2.67±0.33 (ranged 2- 3 days) while the pupal period was lost in 4.67±0.33 (ranged 4-5 days). Male and female beetles survived for 29-33 and 33-38 days with a mean survival period of 30.67±0.88 and 35.33±1.45 days, respectively. The total number of aphid consumed during whole larval duration of C. sexmaculata varied from 70-95 Aphis craccivora and 63-85 Lipaphys erysimi, respectively. A male beetle consumed 510.33±9.82 A. craccivora (ranged 500-521 aphids) and 410.33±4.26 L. erysimi (ranged 400-416 aphids), with an average of 28.72 A. craccivora and 32.92 L. erysimi per day, respectively. While, a female beetle consumed 718.00±17.21 A. craccivora (ranged 710-725 aphids) and 555.67±27.63 L. erysimi (ranged 547- 571 aphids), respectively with an average of 35.93 A. craccivora and 27.90 L. erysimi per day, respectively. Key words Biology, Feeding potential, Cheilomenus sexmaculata, aphid In balanced ecosystem, insect pest are kept in check by their natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) these agents are beneficial in agricultural systems. Cheilomenus sexmaculata is an important predator of aphid, coccids, psyllids and many ecosystems of South East Asia (Parker, et al., 1976; Gupta and Yadava, 1986; Lokhanda and Mohan, 1990; Hussein, et al., 1991; Maisini, et al., 1994). It is an effective predator to be used as bio-control agent but the major challenge is its mass rearing and augmentation. Hence the present study was therefore, conducted biology and feeding potential of C. sexmaculata (Fab.) on bean aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) and mustard aphid (Liphaphis erysimi L.). MATERIALS AND METHODS Biology of Cheilomenus sexmaculata A pair of beetles was placed in raring jar with sufficient amount of aphids as food and substrate for egg laying. The eggs laid by female on the surface of glass jars and given substrates were removed with the help of a moist camel hair brush, while those deposited on the substrate were removed along with the substrate. Care was taken so that the eggs were not damaged. Study of incubation period Ten eggs of each coccinellid beetles were kept in a plastic vial. To maintain the moisture, the bottom of the vial was covered with moistened filter papers. These eggs were checked twice per day i.e. 10 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. to observe the incubation period and number of eggs hatched. Larval period The larval period was recorded from the day of hatching. Neonates which hatched from the eggs kept for incubation were used for the study. Rearing of the larvae were carried out individually in plastic vials (14X1.5) and aphid of almost different size were provided as food. Fresh aphids were provided to the growing larvae every morning. To observe the moulting of the developing larvae, the exuviae were checked twice daily at morning and evening hours. The duration of all larval (grubs) instars were recorded continuously from 1 st to 4 th instar. Pre-pupal to pupal period The pre-pupal period i.e., the period when the 4 th instar grub stopped feeding up to the period when it was completely transformed in to pupa, was also observed. Emergence of adults from pupae For studying the pupal period, freshly formed pupae from the batch of the grub used for grub period studies were kept in rearing plastic vials and observations on the emergence of coccinellids beetles from the pupae were recorded twice daily. Oviposition period and adult longevity Newly emerged adults were released in pairs in rearing glass jar to observe the duration of mating and ovipositon period. The adults after emergence were sexed on the basis of shape and size as well as morphological character. It was observed that the males were smaller than the females in general. After pairing, their mating behaviour was also studied by daily visual observations. To study adult longevity, newly
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