TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES 6-1, 2013 EDITION

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42 Trends in Biosciences 6 (1), 2013 losses in 100-seed weight were consistently greater, indicating that alternaria could be a greater problem in seed production fields. Shivankar, et al., 2000 reported that inoculated plots showed highest intensity of leaf blight disease within the range of 58.42 to 64.91% and gave significant reduction in the yields in the range of 19.95 to 39.32% along with also reduction in 100 grain weight i.e., 6.80 to 17.08% as compared to uninoculated plots. Assessment of the effect of any disease on yield of a crop is pre-requisite for preparing rational disease management programme. Among the diseases, alternaria blight disease caused the yield losses up 20-80% (Sharma, et al., 2012). The crop suffers greatly from alternaria blight and the pathogen may cause 40-50% reduction in yield, in most pigeonpea growing states of India (Kushwaha, et al., 2010). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are grateful to Head, Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi for providing necessary facilities during the course of investigation. LITERATURE CITED Carson, M. L. 1985. Epidemiology and yield losses associated with alternaria blight of sunflower. Phytopathology. 75:1151-1156. Kannaiyan, J. and Nene, Y. L. 1977. Alternaria leaf spot of pigeonpea. Tropical Grain Legume Bulletin. 9: 34. Kushwaha, A., Srivastava, A., Nigam, R. and Srivastava, N. 2010. Management of alternaria blight of pigeonpea crop through chemicals. International Journal of Plant Protection. 3:313-315. Mayee, C.D. and Datar, V.V. 1986. Phytopathometry. Department of Plant Pathology, Marathwada agricultural University, Parbhani, Technical bulletin No. 3, pp. 110. Nutter, F.W. 1993. Terms and concepts for yield, crop loss and disease thresholds. Plant Disease, 77: 211-215. Pavgi, M.S. and Singh, R.A. 1971. Parasitic fungi from north India, VIII. Mycopath. et Myco. Appl. 43:117-125. Sharma, M., Ghosh, R., Mangla, N., Saxena, K. B. and Pande, S. 2012. Alternaria tenuissima causing alternaria blight on Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] in India. Plant Disease, 96: 907.2- 907.296. Shivankar, S.K., Shivankar, R.S. and Nagone, A.H. 2000. Losses caused due to leaf blight disease in the grain yield of irrigated Wheat. Agricultural Science Digest, 20: 203-204. Stern, V.M., Smith, R.F., Van den bosch, R. and Hagan, K. S. 1959. The integrated control concepts. Hilgardia, 9: 81-101. Recieved on 14-12-2012 Accepted on 13-01-2013
Trends in Biosciences 6 (1): 43-45, 2013 Relative Performance of Resource Conservation Technologies in Maize Based Cropping System Under Temperate Kashmir FAYAZ AHMED BAHAR Department of Agronomy, FOA & RRS, Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Kashmir 193 201 e-mail: bharfayaz@redifmail.com ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2008-09 and 2009-10 at the Experimental Farm of the Regional Research Station and Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir to study the relative performance of resource conservation technologies in maize based cropping system. Four different tillage methods viz; conventional tillage, minimum tillage, zero tillage and bed planting were used in the main plots alongwith two sub plot treatments viz; no mulch and straw mulch. Based on the findings of experimentations, higher yield attributes and grain yield of maize were obtained in conventional tillage which was at par to bed planting. Similar trend was observed in the succeeding crops of maize based cropping system during both the years. The yield under conventional tillage was about 19.6% higher than zero tillage. Zero tillage and minimum tillage were found at par. Mulching with paddy straw significantly increased the grain yield of maize by about 14.4%. Significantly lowest total weed density and dry matter accumulation were recorded in conventional tillage than minimum and zero tillage. Conventional tillage recorded the lowest depletion of nutrients in weeds and minimum B:C ratio among tillage practices. Straw mulch recorded the significantly highest net returns and B:C ratio than the no mulch treatment. Key words Cropping system, maize, tillage, conservation technologies In Jammu and Kashmir State, the total area under maize crop is 0.33 m ha with a production of 0.525 m t (Sharma, 2004) and is cultivated mostly by the tribal people on rainfed areas and karewas. The production of this crop is low in Jammu and Kashmir State as compared to the rice and wheat. Maize crop has a good potential under Kashmir conditions but is facing some of the major constraints. Inadequate land preparation coupled with over exploitation of resources often leads to soil deterioration and thus poor crop stand and productivity. Therefore, it becomes imperative to sustain the productivity of maize based cropping system through alternative and efficient technologies which are less labour intensive, makes best utilization of the residual moisture and enable the farmers to produce more with less cost of cultivation. This can be accomplished by making the comparative studies on different tillage methods. Beneficial effects of tillage and mulching on crop productivity are reported (Sharma, et al; 2009) but the information on these aspects under rainfed valley conditions is meager. Management of weeds through integration of tillage methods and mulching can increase the uptake of nutrients and productivity of the crop by decreasing the biomass and nutrient removal by the weeds. Unchecked weed growth in this crop may result in grain yield loss to the extent of 100% (Sharma, 2005). Keeping in view the above facts the present investigation was undertaken to study the relative performance of resource conservation technologies in maize based cropping system. MATERIALS AND METHODS A field experiment was conducted during 2008-09 and 2009-10 at Experimental Farm of the Regional Research Station and Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir to study the relative performance of resource conservation technologies in maize based cropping system. The experimental soil was well-drained, silty clay-loam in texture and had pH of 7.4, organic carbon 0.75%, available N 292 kg/ ha, available P 22.4 kg/ha and available K 107.7 kg/ha. The experiment consisted of four different tillage methods viz; conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), zero tillage (ZT) and bed planting (BP) in the main plots and two sub plot treatments viz; no mulch (NM) and straw mulch (SM) laid out in split plot design (SPD) with three replications. Spacing of 60cm x 20cm was maintained in maize by thinning and gap filling and the subsequent crops were grown as per the recommended package of practices. Weed count (No./m 2 ), weed dry matter accumulation (g/m 2 ) and nutrient uptake of weeds and crop were recorded at 60 days stage. Data on weed count and weed dry matter accumulation was subjected to square root transformation. The nutrient uptake by weeds and crop was calculated by multiplying the content of each nutrient with dry matter of weeds and crop respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grain yield Significantly taller plants were observed in conventional tillage and bed planting than minimum tillage and zero tillage methods among tillage practices whereas straw mulch recorded significantly taller plants than no-mulch treatment. Conventional tillage and bed planting, being statistically at par with each other produced significantly higher yield contributing characters (viz; cob length, cob girth, number of
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