Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar - German ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

e Project is book is part of a larger project, called CoreGram, with the goal to develop large scale computer processable grammar fragments of several languages that share a common core (Müller a,b). Currently we work on the following languages: • German (Müller b, b; Müller & Ørsnes ) • Danish (Ørsnes b; Müller b; Müller & Ørsnes , In Preparation) • Persian (Müller b; Müller & Ghayoomi ; Müller, Samvelian & Bonami In Preparation) • Maltese (Müller a) • Mandarin Chinese (Lipenkova ; Müller & Lipenkova , ) • Yiddish (Müller & Ørsnes ) • English • Spanish • French For the implementation we use the TRALE system (Meurers, Penn & Richter ; Penn ), which allows for a rather direct encoding of HPSG analyses (Melnik ). e grammars of German, Danish, Persian, Maltese, and Mandarin Chinese are of non-trivial size and can be downloaded at http://hpsg.fu-berlin.de/Projects/CoreGram.html. ey are also part of the version of the Grammix CD-rom (Müller a) that is distributed with this book. e grammars of Yiddish and English are toy grammars that are used to verify cross-linguistic analyses of special phenomena and the work on Spanish and French is part of work in the Sonderforschungsbereich which just started. See Bildhauer () for an implemented grammar of Spanish that will be converted into the format of the grammars mentioned above. We believe that books are the best way to document such fragments since it is oen not possible to construct a coherent view of one language from journal articles. e reason is that journal articles tend to need a long time from first submission to final publication and sometimes basic assumptions may have changed during the development of the linguistic theory in the meantime. e first book in this series was Müller (b), which describes a fragment of German that is implemented in the grammar BerliGram. Another book on the Persian Grammar developed in the PerGram project is in preparation (Müller, Samvelian & Bonami In Preparation). e situation in mainstream formal linguistics has oen been criticized: basic assumptions are changed in high frequency, sometimes without sufficient motivation. Some concepts are not worked out in detail and formal underpinnings are unclear (see for instance Gazdar, Klein, Pullum & Sag : p. ; Pullum , , : p. ; Kornai & iv Dra of October , , :
Pullum ; Kuhns (: p. ); Crocker & Lewin (: p. ); Kolb & iersch (: p. ); Kolb (: p. –); Freidin (: p. ); Veenstra (: p. , ); Lappin et al. (: p. ); Stabler (: p. , , ); Fanselow ()). For a more detailed discussion of this point see Müller (a: Chapter .). As already mentioned, we work in the framework of HPSG, which is well-formalized (King ; Pollard ; Richter ) and stable enough to develop larger fragments over a longer period of time. HPSG is a constraint-based theory which does not make any claims on the order of application of combinatorial processes. eories in this framework are just statements about relations between linguistic objects or between properties of linguistic objects and hence compatible with psycholinguistic findings and processing models (Sag & Wasow ). As is argued in Müller (a: Chapter .), HPSG is compatible with UG-based models of language acquisition as for instance the one by Fodor (). See Fodor (: p. ) for an explicit remark to that end. However, in recent years evidence has accumulated that arguments for innate language specific knowledge are very weak. For instance, Johnson () showed that Gold’s proof that natural langauges are not identifiable in the limit by positive data alone (Gold ) is irrelevant for discussions of human language acquisition. Furthermore, there is evidence that the input that humans have is sufficiently rich to aquire structures which were thought by Chomsky (: p. – ) and others to be inacquirable: Bod () showed how syntactic structures could be derived from an unannotated corpus by Unsupervised Data-Oriented Parsing. He explained how Chomsky’s auxiliary inversion data can be captured even if the input does not contain the data that Chomsky claims to be necessary (see also Eisenberg () and Pullum & Scholz (); Scholz & Pullum () for other Poverty of the Stimulus arguments). Input-based models of language acquisition in the spirit of Tomasello () seem highly promising and in fact can explain language acquisition data beer than previous UG-based models (Freudenthal et al. , ). We argued in Müller (a) that the results from language acquistion reasearch in the Construction Grammar framework can be carried over to HPSG, even in its lexical variants. If language acquisition is input-based and language-specific innate knowledge is minimal as assumed by Chomsky (); Hauser, Chomsky & Fitch () or non-existing, this has important consequences for the construction of linguistic theories: Proposals that assume more than morpho-syntactic categories that are all innate and that play a role in all languages of the world even though they are not directly observable in many languages (Cinque & Rizzi ) have to be rejected right away. Furthermore, it cannot be argued for empty functional projections in language X on the basis of overt morphems in language Y. is has been done for Topic Projections that are assumed for languages without topic morphemes on the basis of the existence of a topic morpheme in Japanese. Similarly, functional projections for object agreement have been proposed for languages like English and German on the basis of Basque data even though neither English nor German In fact we believe that a lexical treatment of argument structure is the only one that is compatible with the basic tenets of theories like Categorial Grammar (CG), Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), CxG, and HPSG that adhere to lexical integrity (Bresnan & Mchombo ). For discussion see Müller (), Müller (a: Chapter .), Müller (b), Müller (To appear(c)), and Müller & Wechsler (To appear). Dra of October , , : v
Page 1: Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Struct
Page 6 and 7: has object agreement. Since German
Page 8 and 9: Danish Danish is a North-Germanic l
Page 10 and 11: the World Wide Web are used. Our ex
Page 12 and 13: A Note on the Way this Book is Publ
Page 14 and 15: Contents . e Analysis . . . . . . .
Page 16 and 17: Contents .. Passivization of Result
Page 18 and 19: Contents . Conclusion . . . . . . .
Page 20 and 21: A Brief Introduction to HPSG four c
Page 22 and 23: A Brief Introduction to HPSG exampl
Page 24 and 25: A Brief Introduction to HPSG . NP.
Page 26 and 27: A Brief Introduction to HPSG e lis
Page 28 and 29: A Brief Introduction to HPSG e head
Page 30 and 31: A Brief Introduction to HPSG h h:ev
Page 32 and 33: A Brief Introduction to HPSG V[ ⟨
Page 34 and 35: A Brief Introduction to HPSG c. CAU
Page 36 and 37: A Brief Introduction to HPSG () Lex
Page 39 and 40: A topological model of the Danish c
Page 41 and 42: . e topological model makes lile se
Page 43 and 44: . V -clauses and V -clauses b. fo
Page 45 and 46: . V -clauses and V -clauses () ()
Page 47 and 48: . A topological model a Prefield an
Page 49 and 50: . A topological model Prefield T/C
Page 51 and 52: . A topological model aer the adver
Page 53 and 54: . A topological model If the consti
Page 55 and 56:
. A topological model e adverb deri
Page 57 and 58:
. A topological model Finally, inhe
Page 59 and 60:
. Inadequacies of the topological m
Page 61 and 62:
. Inadequacies of the topological m
Page 63 and 64:
. Other Languages Prefield T/C Sent
Page 66 and 67:
Object Shi and Negation Shi In Chap
Page 68 and 69:
. e Phenomenon In a similar vein an
Page 70 and 71:
. e Phenomenon e exact restrictions
Page 72 and 73:
. e Phenomenon () Jeg sover [her] i
Page 74 and 75:
. e Phenomenon Also it is impossibl
Page 76 and 77:
. e Phenomenon () a. at han ikke [f
Page 78 and 79:
. e Phenomenon () a. ? [Foræret] h
Page 80 and 81:
. e Phenomenon For these reasons we
Page 82 and 83:
. e Phenomenon () a. Mærkeligt ogs
Page 84 and 85:
. e Phenomenon elements like finite
Page 86 and 87:
. e Phenomenon () a. fordi vi så s
Page 88 and 89:
. e Phenomenon .. Parasitic Gaps an
Page 90 and 91:
. e Analysis () Mapping from to va
Page 92 and 93:
. e Analysis S NP S/NP V⟨ S//VP
Page 94 and 95:
. e Analysis b. give with shied ind
Page 96 and 97:
. e Analysis S NP S/NP V⟨ S//VP
Page 98 and 99:
. e Analysis .. Shiing and Preposit
Page 100 and 101:
. e Analysis S VP[ ⟨ 1 , 2 ⟩] S
Page 102 and 103:
. e Analysis ⎡ [ ] ⎤ pass ver
Page 104 and 105:
. e Analysis S NP S/NP V⟨ S//V
Page 106 and 107:
. e Analysis S VP[ ⟨ 1 , 2 ⟩] S
Page 108 and 109:
. Alternatives b. Kender Peter [hen
Page 110 and 111:
. Alternatives () Hun kender [ham]
Page 112 and 113:
. Alternatives CP C IP NP VP NP VP
Page 114 and 115:
. Alternatives movement analysis on
Page 116 and 117:
. Alternatives () a. Jeg har I have
Page 118 and 119:
. Alternatives CP[ ⟨ m:at, n:Jens
Page 120 and 121:
. Alternatives within the VP (V ).
Page 122:
. Conclusion to the list and then
Page 125 and 126:
Copula Constructions c. Sylvia is [
Page 127 and 128:
Copula Constructions like Danish: D
Page 129 and 130:
Copula Constructions b. * at klog e
Page 131 and 132:
Copula Constructions found in Bech
Page 133 and 134:
Copula Constructions . e Analysis .
Page 135 and 136:
Copula Constructions () ⎡ | ⎡
Page 137 and 138:
Copula Constructions Sema (Predica
Page 139 and 140:
. Copula Constructions Vs1[ ⟨
Page 141 and 142:
Copula Constructions e noun mayor i
Page 143 and 144:
Copula Constructions . V[ . ⟨⟩
Page 145 and 146:
Copula Constructions adjective phra
Page 147 and 148:
Copula Constructions V s [ ⟨ .
Page 149 and 150:
Copula Constructions treat specific
Page 151 and 152:
Copula Constructions ese nouns are
Page 153 and 154:
Copula Constructions V s[ ⟨ ⟩,
Page 155 and 156:
Copula Constructions e Fregean way
Page 157 and 158:
Copula Constructions result of comb
Page 159 and 160:
Copula Constructions accounts for t
Page 161 and 162:
Passive e discussion of passive in
Page 163 and 164:
. e Phenomenon f. Teksten læses fr
Page 165 and 166:
. e Phenomenon verbs select sein (
Page 167 and 168:
. e Phenomenon It is important to n
Page 169 and 170:
. e Phenomenon verb to have an accu
Page 171 and 172:
. e Phenomenon b. at [her] [snakkes
Page 173 and 174:
. e Phenomenon () Der hævdes at bo
Page 175 and 176:
. e Phenomenon Example () provides
Page 177 and 178:
. e Phenomenon () ?? Bilen blev ski
Page 179 and 180:
. e Phenomenon () a. Han har arbejd
Page 181 and 182:
. e Phenomenon morphological passiv
Page 183 and 184:
. e Phenomenon is primarily formed
Page 185 and 186:
. e Phenomenon To sum up: Semantic
Page 187 and 188:
. e Phenomenon We will only discuss
Page 189 and 190:
. e Phenomenon In (), the participl
Page 191 and 192:
. e Phenomenon a reading, where the
Page 193 and 194:
. e Phenomenon () dig i , _ i der l
Page 195 and 196:
. e Phenomenon So far we have shown
Page 197 and 198:
. e Phenomenon krijgen-passives).
Page 199 and 200:
. e Phenomenon (‘to present’) c
Page 201 and 202:
. e Analysis () Lexical information
Page 203 and 204:
. e Analysis e subject (NP[str] i )
Page 205 and 206:
. e Analysis b. læset and læses:
Page 207 and 208:
. e Analysis list of the matrix ve
Page 209 and 210:
. e Analysis .. Passivization of Di
Page 211 and 212:
. e Analysis . S. VP[ ⟨ . 1 , 2
Page 213 and 214:
. e Analysis the marker would mark
Page 215 and 216:
. Other Languages . S. 1 NP[nom] .
Page 217 and 218:
. Other Languages .. e Passive Auxi
Page 219 and 220:
. Other Languages () a. giv: ⟨ N
Page 221 and 222:
. Other Languages list of the embe
Page 223 and 224:
. Alternatives As (c) shows the sub
Page 225:
. Conclusion ... e Status of Interm
Page 228 and 229:
A List of Phrases Covered/Rejected
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Bibliography Andersen, Mee Skovgaar
Page 254 and 255:
Bibliography Bjerre, Tavs. . Object
Page 256 and 257:
Bibliography Bu, Miriam & Tracy Hol
Page 258 and 259:
Bibliography Davis, Anthony R. . Le
Page 260 and 261:
Bibliography Engelberg, Stefan. . K
Page 262 and 263:
Bibliography Fortmann, Christian. .
Page 264 and 265:
Bibliography Haegeman, Liliane. . N
Page 266 and 267:
Bibliography Hoeksema, Jack. . Nega
Page 268 and 269:
Bibliography Jäger, Gerhard & Rein
Page 270 and 271:
Bibliography Keller, Frank. . Towar
Page 272 and 273:
Bibliography available as DFKI Rese
Page 274 and 275:
Bibliography Lødrup, Helge. . Look
Page 276 and 277:
Bibliography Mikkelsen, Line. a. Co
Page 278 and 279:
Bibliography Müller, Stefan. a. e
Page 280 and 281:
Bibliography Müller, Stefan & Jann
Page 282 and 283:
Bibliography Ørsnes, Bjarne. a. Pa
Page 284 and 285:
Bibliography Pullum, Geoffrey K. .
Page 286 and 287:
Bibliography Rothstein, Susan D. .
Page 288 and 289:
Bibliography Simpson, Jane. . Resul
Page 290 and 291:
Bibliography Vogel, Ralf. . Skandal
Page 293 and 294:
Index of Names Abbo, Barbara, , Ab
Page 295 and 296:
Index of Names Hellan, Lars, , , ,
Page 297 and 298:
Index of Names , , , , , , , , , P
Page 299 and 300:
Index of Languages Basque, v Dutch,
Page 301:
Index of Subjects recipient, state
show all

Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar - German ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?