the nutritional status of - Health Systems Trust

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FIGURE 3 : ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIET OF SOUTH AFRICAN MEN 100 PERCENTAGE ENERGY 80 60 40 20 N o a v a i l a b l e d a t a N o a v a i l a b l e d a t a Animal protein Plant protein Carbohydrate Polyunsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Saturated fat 0 W B C I RB W B C I RB Age: 16-24.9 years Age: 25-64.9 years W=whites; B=blacks; C=coloureds; I=Indians(Asians); RB=rural blacks FIGURE 4 : ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIET OF SOUTH AFRICAN WOMEN 100 PERCENTAGE ENERGY 80 60 40 20 N o a v a i l a b l e d a t a Animal protein Plant protein Carbohydrate Polyunsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Saturated fat 0 W B C I RB W B C I RB Age: 16-24.9 years Age: 25-64.9 years W=whites; B=blacks; C=coloureds; I=Indians(Asians); RB=rural blacks 16
3.3.10 IRON INTAKES Tables 54 (a), (b) and (c) compare iron intakes with the USA RDA’s and the British LNRI and EAR. Because vulnerable groups may suffer from parasitic infections (Schutte, 1995; Fincham, 1996a) which may increase iron requirements, the higher RDA’s are used here to evaluate adequacy in Table 55. From Table 55 it can be seen that the vulnerable groups with intakes less than 67 % (two thirds) of the RDA were urban black infants, a small group of rural black children, girls aged 11 to 15.9 years, and adult women, aged 16 to 64.9 years. The low intakes of the girls and women are relative because their requirements are higher than those of boys and men. The low intake of iron is a serious, but complicated problem. An iron deficient state may be responsible for arrested cognitive development of children. But in later life, it may possibly protect against coronary heart disease and iron overload in genetically susceptible individuals (MacPhail & Bothwell, 1989). An iron fortification or supplementation programme should therefore be targeted at young children and iron deficient women of childbearing age. 3.3.11 MAGNESIUM INTAKES Magnesium intakes are related to the plant content (fruits, vegetables, legumes) of the diet. Table 56 (a) shows that adult men and women, except for the group of rural black women, tended to have low magnesium intakes. The data obtained by methods other than the 24-hour recall (tables 56 (b) and (c)), show adequate intakes, except for coloured men and women. Therefore, there may be borderline magnesium deficiencies in some adult groups, which could be rectified by inclusion of more fruit, vegetables and legumes in the diet. 3.3.12 POTASSIUM INTAKES From Tables 57(a) and (b) it seems that in all groups for whom potassium intakes were calculated, the USA RDA’s for potassium were met. 3.3.13 ZINC INTAKES Zinc is a constituent of many enzymes in the body. It, therefore, plays an important role in metabolism. Unfortunately, diagnosis of the consequences of low intakes, as well as zinc requirements, are not well understood. The richest sources of zinc in the diet are lean meats and wholegrain cereal foods. Tables 58 (a) and (b) show that regardless of which method was used, many groups had low intakes compared to the RDA’s. It seems that zinc may be one of the micronutrients in the diet of South Africans that needs immediate attention. 3.3.14 PHOSPHORUS INTAKES Tables 59 (a), (b) and (c) indicate that mean intakes of phosphorus in almost all groups were adequate, the exception being black children when diets were assessed by the 24-hour recall method. 3.3.15 SODIUM INTAKES All groups measured had higher mean intakes than the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes of the Food and Nutrition Board (1989), as can be seen in Tables 60 (a) and (b). High sodium intakes are associated with hypertension which is one of the major chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa (Opie, 1995). A shift in the diet to include more unprocessed foods and uncooked fruits and vegetables could reduce sodium consumption. 3.3.16 THIAMIN INTAKES Mean intakes of thiamin (vitamin B1 or anti-beriberi factor) of all groups were adequate when compared to the RDA (Tables 61 (a), (b) and (c)). From the available data it, therefore, seems that the mean intake of thiamin is not a problem in the South African diet. 3.3.17 RIBOFLAVIN INTAKES From Tables 62 (a), (b) and (c) it seems that coloured, Indian and rural black groups had inadequate riboflavin (vitamin B2)) intakes. Dairy products are principle sources of riboflavin and increases in milk or sour milk consumption could rectify this dietary deficiency. 17
Page 2 and 3: THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SOUTH AFR
Page 4 and 5: PREFACE In this review, the Nutriti
Page 6 and 7: 6. Recommendations It is suggested
Page 8 and 9: CHAPTER 4 DETERMINANTS OF NUTRITION
Page 10 and 11: 1.3 EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL STATU
Page 13 and 14: RESULTS CHAPTER 3 3.1 ANTHROPOMETRY
Page 15 and 16: distributions of weight-for-age and
Page 17 and 18: Table 17 shows that the Northern Ca
Page 19 and 20: Table 31 indicates that urban black
Page 21 and 22: 3.3 NUTRIENT INTAKES 3.3.1 INTRODUC
Page 23: FIGURE 1: ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF TH
Page 27 and 28: McLaren et al., 1993). In South Afr
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 4 DETERMINANTS OF NUTRITION
Page 31 and 32: Not many studies examined the direc
Page 33 and 34: The complexity of the effects of ur
Page 35: 4.3.10 ALCOHOL INTAKE Moderate drin
Page 38 and 39: 5.5 Black South Africans Traditiona
Page 40 and 41: 6.2.2 PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN Preva
Page 42 and 43: References Agenbag S, Matthée V. 1
Page 44 and 45: Coovadia HM. 1993. Overview of maln
Page 46 and 47: Ijsselmuiden CB. 1984. Nutritional
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Page 50 and 51: Richter LM. 1993. Malnutrition and
Page 52 and 53: Steyn NP, Wicht CL, Rossouw JE, Van
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