Bibliography - British Geological Survey

K. A. R. Kennedy, pp. 268–269; M. K. Nickels, pp. 269–270; N. Roland, pp. 270–271; C. Runnels, pp. 271–
272; F. Spencer, pp. 272–273; C. B. Stringer, p. 273; N. C. Tappen, pp. 273–274; B. G. Trigger, pp 274–
275; S. Washburn, pp. 275–276; R. V. S. Wright, pp. 276–277.)
Tobias, P. V. 1992d. The case against Keith re-visited: reply to two critics. Adler Museum Bulletin, 18 (2),
26‒28.
Tobias, P. V. 1993. On Piltdown: the French connection revisited. Current Anthropology, 34, 65–67.
Tobias, P. V. 1999a. Frank Spencer: quiet anthropologist whose detective work cracked the hoax of Piltdown
man. Guardian, 6 July, 20. (Obit: born 1 May 1941, died 30 May 1999. ‘The fame of the scholarly, bookish
Frank Spencer, who has died of cancer aged 58, rests on the case he made that Sir Arthur Keith was the likely
co-conspirator, with Charles Dawson, in one of the most notorious frauds in the history of science, the infamous
Piltdown hoax.’ So says Phillip V. Tobias, who confines his obituary to an examination of this single theme
in Spencer’s life, reflecting as it does Tobias’s own anti-Keith agenda.)
Tobias, P. V. 1999b. In memoriam: [Frank Spencer]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 110,
393–398.
Tobias, P. V. & Kennedy, K. A. R. 1993. On Arthur Keith’s cover: in other words. Current Anthropology,
34, 67–68.
Tobias, P. V. (see Turrittin 2006 for other Piltdown-related communications from this author)
Toldt, C. 1915. Über den vorderen Abschnitt des menschlichen Unterkiefers mit Rücksicht auf dessen
anthropologische Bedeutung. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 45, 236–267.
(Remarks on Piltdown Man, pp. 248–249, 266. The author considers the skull and jaw to be incompatible.
The anterior part of the Piltdown mandible is too apelike in character, compared with either Heidelberg or
Neanderthal, whereas the cranium is essentially human. Toldt commented on Piltdown in two earlier papers
in 1914, which are cited in Quenstedt 1936, 153, 192.)
Toombs, H. A. 1952. A new section in the Piltdown gravel. South-Eastern Naturalist and Antiquary, 57,
31–33. (A ‘witness section’ in the Piltdown gravel has been preserved by the Nature Conservancy as a
permanent Geological Monument. The new section, which cuts through the old hedge about 2 m from the
stone monolith monument, was dug in Sept 1950. The NW end of the witness section encountered an old
rubbish-filled trial trench on the opposite side of the hedge [probably dug by Smith Woodward in the years
after Dawson’s death]. This old trial features in a Geological Survey photograph dating from 1925, A.2942.
Although all the material dug from the new trench was sieved and carefully examined by K. P. Oakley, A. E.
Rixon and the writer (all of the Natural History Museum), no bones, teeth, or implements were found. The
presence of reddened flints and occasional quartz and quartzite pebbles in the gravel was confirmed. None of
the reddened flints appeared fire-crackled. The section was then bricked-in, save for a couple of small glass
doors, 2ft 3ins by 1ft 3ins, on either side of the trench at its NW end.)
Townshend, G. L. 1981. Piltdown puzzle. New Scientist, 91 (24 Sept), 823. (In response to the series of
papers by Harrison Matthews (1981), the writer questions how the Piltdown cranial fragments were
radiocarbon dated, given the reported absence of collagen.)
Trevor, J. C. (see under Costello 1986. Jack Trevor, a physical anthropologist at University of Cambridge,
wrote to Oakley on 13 Feb 1967 accusing Woodward of being co-conspirator with Dawson, and sent also a
rough draft of a communication he evidently planned to publish in Nature; see Spencer 1990a, 232 note 78,
& Spencer 1990b, 214–15.)
Trigger, B. G. 1992 (contribution to discussion in Tobias 1992c)
Turner, E. E. 1955. John Theodore Hewitt, 1868–1954. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal
Society, 1, 79–99, plate. (Hewitt was a prominent chemist, ‘a gay, kindly figure’, who in 1986 became one
of the Piltdown-accused in consequence of something he had said, presumably in jest, a year or so before he
died. See Daniel 1986, Costello 1986.)
Turrittin, T. H. 2004. Alvan T. Marston: a historical character study. Published on the Web.
http://members.shaw.ca/tom.t/pilt/marston.html (Focuses on Marston’s relationship to Piltdown and
attempts to explain his refusal to accept that the Piltdown assemblage was fraudulent or that Dawson, an
amateur like himself, was involved in any wrong doing. Marston also wanted the experts to admit that they