Semantic Annotation for Process Models: - Department of Computer ...

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iv CONTENTS 3 State of the Art 31 3.1 Process Modeling Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1.1 Petri Nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.1.2 EPC (Event-driven Process Chain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.1.3 EEML (Extended Enterprise Modeling Language) . . . . . . . . 34 3.1.4 UML Activity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.1.5 BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation) . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.1.6 Categorizing the modeling constructs of process modeling languages 38 3.2 Semantic Interoperability and Process Ontologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.2.1 BWW (Bunge-Wand-Weber) ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2.2 MIT process handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2.3 TOVE (Toronto Virtual Enterprise) ontologies . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.2.4 PSL (Process Specification Language) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2.5 PIF (Process Interchange Format) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2.6 OWL-S: Semantic Markup for Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.2.7 WSMO (Web Service Modeling Ontology) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.2.8 POP* (Process, Organization, Product and others) . . . . . . . . 45 3.2.9 UEML2 (Unified Enterprise Modeling Language version 2) . . . 46 3.2.10 Comparison of process ontology representations . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.3 Goal Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.3.1 KAOS (Knowledge Acquisition in autOmated Specification) . . . 49 3.3.2 i*/GRL (Goal-oriented Requirement Language) . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.3.3 GBRAM (Goal-Based Requirements Analysis Method) . . . . . . 50 3.3.4 Goal modeling in EEML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.3.5 Goal specification in WSMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.3.6 Goal modeling and process modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.4 Semantic Annotation Methods and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.4.1 MnM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.4.2 KIM (Knowledge & Information Management) . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.4.3 AeroDAML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4.4 OntoMat-Annotizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4.5 MWSAF (METEOR-S Web Service Annotation Framework) . . 53 3.4.6 SAWSDL (Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema) . 54 3.4.7 Semantic annotation schema in the INTEROP project . . . . . . 55 3.4.8 ASTAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.4.9 Discussion on the survey results of annotation tools and methods 56 3.5 Requirements for Semantic Annotation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 II Design and Application 61 4 Semantic Annotation Framework 63 4.1 Theoretical Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.1.1 Semiotic triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.1.2 Semiotic triangle for process modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
CONTENTS v 4.2 Overview of the Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.2.1 Ontology-based annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.2.2 Annotation aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.3 Profile Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.4 Meta-model Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.4.1 GPO (General Process Ontology) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4.2 Mapping rules in Meta-model annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.5 Model Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.6 PSAM (Process Semantic Annotation Model) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.7 A Simple Example of Process Semantic Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5 Goal Annotation 83 5.1 Goal-Driven Process Knowledge Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.2 Goal Ontology for Semantic Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.2.1 Goal ontology design principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.2.2 Semantic representations of a goal ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.3 Relations between Process Models and a Goal Ontology . . . . . . . . . 86 5.4 PSAM with Goal Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.5 Goal Annotation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 6 Pro-SEAT (Process SEmantic Annotation Tool) 93 6.1 Components of Prototype Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6.1.1 Process modeling environment — Metis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 6.1.2 Ontology modeling environment — Protégé-OWL editor . . . . . 94 6.1.3 System modules in the semantic annotation tool — Pro-SEAT . 95 6.2 Data Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.3 Goal Annotation Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.4 Functionality and User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 7 Exemplar Studies and Application System 103 7.1 Semantic Annotation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 7.2 Exemplars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7.2.1 Sales logistics process in BPMN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7.2.2 The TelCo item receiving and delivery process in EEML . . . . . 107 7.3 SCOR Reference Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7.4 Annotation of Process Models with Pro-SEAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.4.1 Profile annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.4.2 Meta-model annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 7.4.3 Model annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.4.4 Goal annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.4.5 Annotation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.5 Process Knowledge Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.5.1 System architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Page 1 and 2: Yun Lin Semantic Annotation for Pro
Page 3: To MY BELOVED HUSBAND HAO DING AND
Page 6 and 7: ii The proposed approach has been i
Page 10 and 11: vi CONTENTS 7.5.2 Semantic reasonin
Page 12 and 13: viii CONTENTS H PSAM Annotation Res
Page 14 and 15: x LIST OF FIGURES 6.1 System module
Page 16 and 17: xii LIST OF FIGURES
Page 18 and 19: xiv LIST OF TABLES
Page 20 and 21: xvi PREFACE My tremendous gratitude
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 Introduction Business pro
Page 25 and 26: 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND RESEARCH
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. APPROACH AND SCOPE 7 1.4.1 Sem
Page 29 and 30: 1.6. MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS 9 1.6 Majo
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Problem Setting In this c
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.1: Zachman Enterprise Arch
Page 35 and 36: 2.2. MODELING BASIS 15 meta-model o
Page 37 and 38: 2.3. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SEMANT
Page 43 and 44: 2.4. SEMANTIC INTEROPERABILITY 23 3
Page 45 and 46: 2.5. BUSINESS PROCESS MODEL 25 2.5
Page 47 and 48: 2.6. PROCESS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 2
Page 49 and 50: 2.7. SUMMARY 29 • Creation or imp
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Page 53 and 54: 3.1. PROCESS MODELING LANGUAGES 33
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3.2. SEMANTIC INTEROPERABILITY AND
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Representation primitives Process P
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3.3. GOAL MODELING 49 From the surv
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3.4. SEMANTIC ANNOTATION METHODS AN
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3.6. SUMMARY 59 In the goal modelin
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Part II Design and Application 61
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64 CHAPTER 4. SEMANTIC ANNOTATION F
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84 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION proce
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86 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION in a
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88 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION • i
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90 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION 5.5 G
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92 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION
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94 CHAPTER 6. PRO-SEAT (PROCESS SEM
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100 CHAPTER 6. PRO-SEAT (PROCESS SE
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102 CHAPTER 6. PRO-SEAT (PROCESS SE
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104 CHAPTER 7. EXEMPLAR STUDIES AND
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Chapter 8 Quality Evaluation of the
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8.2. SETTING FOR THE QUALITY EVALUA
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8.2. SETTING FOR THE QUALITY EVALUA
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8.3. QUALITY ANALYSIS 135 to those
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8.3. QUALITY ANALYSIS 137 annotatio
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8.3. QUALITY ANALYSIS 139 • G1 -
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8.5. SUMMARY 141 3. Semantic annota
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Chapter 9 Validation of Applicabili
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9.1. VALIDATION DESIGN 145 - RE3.3
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9.2. SWRL FORMULATION 147 Table 9.1
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9.2. SWRL FORMULATION 149 RE3.2 RE3
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9.3. APPLICABILITY VALIDATION IN AN
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9.4. DISCUSSION ON RESULTS OF THE V
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9.4. DISCUSSION ON RESULTS OF THE V
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Part IV Synopsis 163
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166 CHAPTER 10. CONCLUSIONS AND FUT
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Appendix A BPMN This chapter presen
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A.3. CONNECTING OBJECTS 175 Figure
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A.6. BPMN META-MODEL TREE IN METIS
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Appendix B EEML 2005 The language v
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B.2. RECOURSES MODELING DOMAIN 181
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Appendix C SCOR SCOR — Supply Cha
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C.2. LEVEL 2 TOOLKIT 185 Level 1 Me
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C.3. LEVEL 3 PROCESS ELEMENTS 187 F
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Appendix D Algorithm for Semi-Autom
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191 Algorithm 1 Goal Annotation Alg
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Algorithm 4 Goal Annotation Algorit
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195 Algorithm 6 Goal Annotation Alg
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Appendix E GUI of Pro-SEAT The prop
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199 Figure E.3: Mapping meta-model
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201 Figure E.5: Goal annotation UI
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Appendix F Analysis of the Annotati
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F.2. INTEGRATION APPLICATION BASED
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F.2. INTEGRATION APPLICATION BASED
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Appendix G Schema of PSAM and SWRL
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G.1. PSAM IN OWL 211
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G.2. RULE DEFINITIONS IN SWRL 213
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G.2. RULE DEFINITIONS IN SWRL 215
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Appendix H Annotation Results in Ex
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H.2. ANNOTATION OF PM B1 219 xmlns:
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H.3. ANNOTATION OF PM B2 221 Av
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Bibliography [1] ALTOVA. What is th
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 [26] Dov Dori. Why
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 [52] Ian Horrocks.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 [78] John Krogstie
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 [102] Diana Maynar
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 [129] OASIS Cover
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 [157] Colette Roll
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 [185] Systems Thin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 [214] John.A. Zach
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