THE GREAT LAKES

More documents

Recommendations

Info

that is, the index of response is also determined by the value of the stimulus. In practice, it will often happen that the magnitude of the response is not uniquely determined be a specified level of stimulus owing to variability characteristic of biological systems. Similarly, the value of an index may be subject to errors of observation, and not uniquely determined by the factor it purports to measure. Further, several levels of stimulus may yield the same response, or a single value of an index may result from several levels of an observed factor. These complications may severely liniit the strength of an inference which attempts to identify the cause (stimulus) of an observed response. Annotated abstracts of biological indices of environmental quality are found in Thomas et al. (1973). mikema, A.L., and E.F. Benfield. 1979. Use of macroinvertebrate life history information in toxicity tests. J. Fish. Res. E!d. Can. 36: 321-328. Cairns, Jr., J. 1975. Quantification of biological integrity, p.171-187. In R.K. Ballentine, and L.J. Guarria [ed.]. The integrity of water. U.S. EPA. 230 p. Council for Environmental Quality. 1975. Planning for environmental indices. Nat. Academ. Science, Washington, DC. 47 p. Food and Agriculture Organization. 1976. Indices for measuring response of aquatic ecological systems to various human influences. FA0 Fisheries Tech. Paper No. 151. Rome. France, R.L. 1986. Current status of methods of toxicological research on freshwater crayfish. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquatic. Science. 1404: 20p. France, R.L. 1990. Gaian integrity: a clarion precept for global preservation. (under review) Frey, D.G. 1975. Biological integrity of water--an historical approach, p. 127-140. In R.K. Ballentine, and L. J. Guarria [ed. ] . The integrity of water. U. S . EPA. 230 p. Goldsmith, E. 1988. Gaian: some implications for theoretical ecology. The Ecologist 18: 64-74.
Herricks, E.E., and J.C. Cairns, Jr. 1982. Biological monitoring. Part 111. Receiving system methodology based on community structure. Wat. Res. 16: 141-153. Huxley, A. 1932. Brave New World. Penguin Classics. London. 201 p. Jackson, J.H., and V.H. Resh. 1988. Sequential decision plans in monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates: cost savings, classification accuracy, and development of plans. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic. Science 45: 280-286. IJC. 1985; 1987. Report on Great Lakes water quality. Great Lakes Water Quality Board. International Joint Commission. Windsor, Ontario. Karr, J.R. 1981. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries 6 : 21-27. Landwehr, J.M. , and R.A. Deininger. 1976. A comparison of several water quality indexes. J. Wat. Poll. Con. Fed. 48: 954-958. Legendre, L., and S. Demers. 1984. Towards dynamic biological oceanography and limnology. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic. Science. 41: 2-19. Leopold, A. 1947. A Sand County Almanac with Essays on Conservation from Round River. Ballentine Books, New York, NY. Lehmkuhl, D.M. 1979. Environmental disturbance and life histories: principles and examples. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.36: 329-334. Levin, S.A., and K.D. Kimball. 1984. New perspectives in ecotoxicology. Environ. Manage. 8: 375-442. Mao Tse-tung. 1939. In memory of Norman Bethune. Miller, D. L. , et al. 1988. Regional application of an index of biotic integrity for use in water resource management. Fisheries 13: 12-20. ~ational Research Council. 1985. The Great Lakes Water Qua1 ity Agreement. An . evolving instrument for ecosystem management. Nat. Academics. Press. Washington DC.
Page 1 and 2:
ECO TO THE INTEGRITY OF THE GREAT L
Page 3 and 4:
Support of this publication by the
Page 5 and 6:
J. Edwards represented SAB; and Hen
Page 7 and 8:
Theoretical Framework for Developin
Page 9 and 10:
During the Symposium, it was noted
Page 11 and 12:
I can but assert that the essential
Page 13 and 14:
Water quality must be of the highes
Page 15 and 16:
I have only one way to insure no di
Page 17 and 18:
case. . . . From a pragmatic standp
Page 19 and 20:
A program premised upon the establi
Page 21 and 22:
Holding the Line No further degrada
Page 23 and 24:
INTEGRITY AND SURPRISE IN THE GREAT
Page 25 and 26:
exploitation of a scientific concep
Page 27 and 28:
mitigation relates to &d culture an
Page 29 and 30:
mismanagement of sewage works, and
Page 31 and 32:
FOSTERING INTEGRITY IN AN AGE OF SU
Page 33 and 34:
The stress-response approach, as de
Page 35 and 36:
natural associations that are alrea
Page 37 and 38:
Individuals that serve strong econo
Page 39 and 40:
(xi) Degradation of aesthetics; (xi
Page 41 and 42:
Woodwell, G.M. 1977. Biological int
Page 43 and 44:
it is used in the Great Lakes Water
Page 45 and 46:
adapt to perturbation, can both be
Page 47 and 48:
promote this through exercise, diet
Page 49 and 50:
3. For the classic dis~ssion of the
Page 51 and 52:
The GWQA requires that a remedial a
Page 53 and 54:
what is not good about different st
Page 55 and 56:
external influence3 but less adapti
Page 57 and 58:
An extended view of integrity is th
Page 59 and 60:
human systems. Put simply, they awe
Page 61 and 62:
as a human need and, hence, a commo
Page 63 and 64:
measures, if undertaken properly, w
Page 65 and 66:
question of repairing biological pr
Page 67 and 68:
Legally enshrined terms such as int
Page 69 and 70:
See von Bertalanffy, L. 1950. The t
Page 71 and 72:
24. Holling, C.S. Ecosystem design:
Page 73 and 74:
ECOSYSTEM INFEGRITY AND NETWORK THE
Page 75 and 76:
might appear that autocatalysis can
Page 77 and 78:
development, any increase in the pr
Page 79 and 80:
ecosystem elements of interest; e.g
Page 81 and 82:
Ulanowicz , R. E. 1986b. A phenomen
Page 83 and 84:
the members of a society interpret
Page 85 and 86:
coherent knowledge base, yielding a
Page 87 and 88:
eality is fundamentally correct, an
Page 89 and 90:
een recognized in subatomic physics
Page 91 and 92:
culture, human beings become orient
Page 93 and 94:
NOTES 1. The ideal type of techniqu
Page 95 and 96:
water bcdy resulted in the appearan
Page 97 and 98:
4) Different members of society wil
Page 99 and 100:
total costs of ecological damage or
Page 101 and 102:
As noted by Everett (1979), this ap
Page 103 and 104:
The net result of these problems is
Page 105 and 106:
ller, F.G. 1974. Benefit-cost analy
Page 107 and 108:
IWPEGRITY AND SURPRISE IN THE GREAT
Page 109 and 110:
theory as it is most often applied
Page 111 and 112:
a position beyond information towar
Page 113 and 114:
them. From the point of view of the
Page 115 and 116:
chosen from the group. The standard
Page 117 and 118:
est developed and appropriate to Gr
Page 119 and 120:
potential of Ulanowiczts technical
Page 121 and 122:
Kay, J.J. 1983. Self-oryanization a
Page 123 and 124:
hierarchy theory. self-organizing s
Page 125 and 126:
configuration. For example, gravita
Page 127 and 128:
unpredictable. Middle-number system
Page 129 and 130:
Integrity comes through constraint.
Page 131 and 132:
Allen, T.F.H., and E.P. Wileyto. 19
Page 133 and 134:
greater detail, and only the most g
Page 135 and 136:
statistical thermodynamics revealed
Page 137 and 138:
Force-flux relationships do not alw
Page 139 and 140: 1) multiple evolutionary trajectori
Page 141 and 142: 3) reduce the total number of react
Page 143 and 144: input, removal, or accumulation, co
Page 145 and 146: eplacement, the species diversity t
Page 147 and 148: The numerical difference between a
Page 149 and 150: Certain choices of environmental va
Page 151 and 152: On the other hand, thermodynamics a
Page 153 and 154: Morowitz, H.J. 1968. Energy flow in
Page 155 and 156: 2) We must understand basic cause-a
Page 157 and 158: Fontaine and Lesht (1987) used stat
Page 159 and 160: We suggest that exercising control
Page 161 and 162: aggregates, age-class specific stoc
Page 163 and 164: correspond to the point in time tha
Page 165 and 166: insufficient information on coupled
Page 167 and 168: Bartell, S.M., R.H. Gardner, R.V. O
Page 169 and 170: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DEVEIllPI
Page 171: BIOINDICATOR OBTECTIVES IN THE GREA
Page 174 and 175: the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI)
Page 176 and 177: TABLE 2. integrity. potential metri
Page 178 and 179: of strict funding, public accountab
Page 180 and 181: The managerial advantages in such i
Page 182 and 183: more thorough and competent the exa
Page 184 and 185: organization'' (Kay 1990) . Fig. 2
Page 186 and 187: efficacy of zoobenthos as indicator
Page 188 and 189: 1. Unfortunately, most studies oper
Page 192 and 193: Patrick, R. 1975. Identifying integ
Page 194 and 195: George Francis Department of Enviro
Page 196 and 197: FEDERAL FH)ERAC International Joint
Page 198 and 199: navigation, hydropower generation a
Page 200 and 201: inational network of groups sharing
Page 202 and 203: professional experts suggests there
Page 204 and 205: Ecosystem integrity for the Great L
Page 206 and 207: Meisner, J.D., L. Goodier, and H.A.
Page 208 and 209: will be considered to be consistent
Page 210 and 211: For any real ecosystem, a particula
Page 212 and 213: Rutledge (1974) showed that a short
Page 214 and 215: State V&e ~ifru?cation Point State
Page 216 and 217: An example of this case is the clea
Page 218 and 219: something big happens in between sa
Page 220 and 221: When an ecosystem is described as b
Page 222 and 223: with the idea of an N-dimensional s
Page 224 and 225: TABLE 1. Environmental factors and
Page 226 and 227: TABLE 2. A tabular model of ecologi
Page 228 and 229: Another possibility is that the sta
Page 230 and 231: State Variable PI PZ P3 State Varia
Page 232 and 233: 1. It is theoretically possible by
Page 234 and 235: Nicolis, G., and I. Prigogine. 1977
Page 236 and 237: AQUATIC =NIC COMMUNITIES: SURROGATE
Page 238 and 239: always retain control of the prey t
Page 240 and 241:
the high levels of abundance of the
Page 242 and 243:
a suite of species exemplified by t
Page 244 and 245:
emergent view, accordingly, is that
Page 246 and 247:
we often observe in natural systems
Page 248 and 249:
ecological structures and functions
Page 250 and 251:
Holling, C.S. 1985. Resilience of e
Page 252 and 253:
Ryder, R.A., and S.R. Kerr. 1989. H
Page 254 and 255:
MYTHS AND BDDEL8 OF SYSTEMIC AND OR
Page 256 and 257:
The first two processes tend to fos
Page 258 and 259:
A complementary process relates to
Page 260 and 261:
that reflect key aspects of integra
Page 262 and 263:
and consumer organisms. Presence of
Page 264 and 265:
~ollingwood, R.G. 1946. The idea of
Page 266 and 267:
Steedman, R.J. 1988. Modification a
Page 268 and 269:
they will be required (by the ecosy
Page 270 and 271:
6) Forbidden zone implies a state i
Page 272 and 273:
3) Lack of a prenrentive .approach.
Page 274 and 275:
2) Can we tell when the processes t
Page 276 and 277:
Government is not wholly consistent
Page 278 and 279:
Awareness of an environmental crisi
Page 280 and 281:
EOOIOGY: ANALYTICAL APmcOACRES TO P
Page 282 and 283:
(Fonnan and Godron 1981, 1986). Suc
Page 284 and 285:
such as photosynthesis and transpir
Page 286 and 287:
8) grid cell analysis: grid cell ov
Page 288 and 289:
Turner 1987). Models at the individ
Page 290 and 291:
Wlchwald, K. 1963. Die Industrieges
Page 292 and 293:
Milne, B.T. 1988. Measuring the fra
Page 294:
Vesecky, J.F., and R.H. Steward. 19
show all

THE GREAT LAKES

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?