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Published dietary exposure analyses for cyclamates were available for several countries. Those reported specifically for consumers of products containing intense sweeteners are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Dietary exposure estimates for consumers of cyclamates Country (year) Australia (1995) Australia (2004) Australia (2007) Survey type 1993 intense sweetener survey, 128 respondents, 7-day diary 2003 intense sweetener survey, 263 respondents, 7-day diary 1995 National Nutrition Survey, 24-h recall, 1921 respondents aged 2–11 years, 10% consumers Brazil (1995) 1990–1991 survey across two seasons, 673 consumers of intense sweeteners selected from two regions, 67% cyclamate users Germany (1992) Italy (1999) 1988–1989 survey, 24- h recall, 2291 respondents, 31% cyclamate users 1996 survey, teenagers aged 13–19 years, 212 respondents, 6% cyclamate users Source of concentration data a TUL, matched by brand and flavour TUL, matched by brand and flavour TUL, except for 14.1.4 beverages, for which MUL of 350 mg/kg used Analysis and labels TUL, labels, some analysis TUL, matched by brand and flavour Population group Mean (12–39 years) 90th percentile (12–39 years) Mean (12–17 years) 90th percentile (12–17 years) Mean (12+ years) 90th percentile (12+ years) 95th percentile (12+ years) Mean (2–11 years) 90th percentile (2–11 years) 95th percentile (2–11 years) Mean (consumers) Maximum (consumers) Mean (consumers) 90th percentile (consumers) Mean (consumers) Maximum (consumers) Dietary exposure to cyclamates (mg/kg bw per day) 2.5 11.8 3.8 14.6 3.1 8.2 9.9 3.6–4.1 8.1–8.9 10.1–11.0 4.0 17.9 3.0 6.4 0.2 0.6 17
Table 1. continued Country (year) Survey type Italy (2004) 2000–2001 survey, 270 respondents aged 14–17 years, 6% cyclamate users (17% females) New Zealand (2004) Spain (1996) United Kingdom (2003) 2003 intense sweetener survey, 137 respondents, 7- day diary 1992 survey, 2450 respondents aged 6–75 years, two 24-h recalls, food frequency, two different seasons, 18% cyclamate users 2003 survey, 7- day diary, children aged 1.5–4.5 years, 1110 consumers of drinks with intense sweeteners only Source of concentration data a Population group Dietary exposure to cyclamates (mg/kg bw per day) TUL, matched by brand and flavour TUL, matched by brand and flavour TUL TUL, analysis of dilutable drinks, matched by brand and flavour Mean (consumers) Maximum (consumers) 0.05 1.2 Mean (12+ years) 2.2 90th percentile 7.5 (12+ years) 95th percentile 8.8 (12+ years) Mean 2.4 (consumers) 90th percentile 4.7 (consumers) Mean (consumers) 97.5th percentile (consumers) MUL, maximum use level; TUL, typical manufacturers’ use level. a Manufacturers’ use level is usually a mean value or matched to brand and flavour. Where products were analysed, mean values for product categories or values for individual products by brand and flavour were used. 4.5 14.1 In some subgroups of populations, primarily children, the ADI of 0–11 mg/kg bw was exceeded at high percentiles of the exposure distribution. Exceedances of the ADI were also reported in earlier studies for the general population conducted when maximum use levels for cyclamates were higher than current provisions and in one study for people with diabetes or on weight control diets. In several other studies for people with diabetes who were consumers of products containing cyclamates, dietary exposures were similar to those for the rest of the population and did not exceed the ADI; however, the 18
Page 2 and 3: WHO Technical Report Series 956 EVA
Page 4 and 5: Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Declar
Page 6 and 7: Seventy-first meeting of the Joint
Page 8 and 9: Dr S.M.F. Jeurissen, Centre for Sub
Page 10: 1. Introduction The Joint FAO/WHO E
Page 13 and 14: the unidentified saccharide fractio
Page 15 and 16: nisin to nisin preparation at the s
Page 17 and 18: Committee noted, however, that the
Page 19 and 20: hydrothermal vent. Based on the ami
Page 21 and 22: guar gum, locust (carob) bean gum a
Page 23 and 24: Semi-refined cassia gum was also te
Page 25: juices 1 and coffee-, tea- and herb
Page 29 and 30: nectars, which were all assumed to
Page 31 and 32: pending submission of additional da
Page 33 and 34: Chemical and technical consideratio
Page 35 and 36: Assessment of dietary exposure The
Page 37 and 38: The chemical composition of GEGR va
Page 39 and 40: At the forty-sixth meeting, the Com
Page 41 and 42: some isomerization and dehydration
Page 43 and 44: The Committee at its forty-sixth me
Page 45 and 46: ut they still tended to be higher i
Page 47 and 48: to lycopene that occurs naturally i
Page 49 and 50: “not specified” for synthetic l
Page 51 and 52: arabic, reviewed by the Committee a
Page 53 and 54: in animals. Sodium sulfate was eval
Page 55 and 56: twenty-ninth meeting, when used in
Page 57 and 58: SOE type II tested negative in a re
Page 59 and 60: 3.2.2 Ethyl lauroyl arginate The Co
Page 61 and 62: e used in the method for residual O
Page 64: 5. Recommendation 1. To better asse
Page 68 and 69: References 1. FAO/WHO. Joint FAO/WH
Page 70 and 71: Annex 1 Reports and other documents
Page 72 and 73: 22. Evaluation of food additives: s
Page 74 and 75: 52. Specifications for identity and
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88. Evaluation of certain food addi
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123. Toxicological evaluation of ce
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160. Evaluation of certain food add
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Annex 2 Acceptable daily intakes, o
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Food additive Specifications a Acce
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2. Food additives considered for sp
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Glycerol ester of wood rosin The sp
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