Focus Species Forestry - Maine Audubon

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Fisher Distribution: Southeast Alaska to Newfoundland, south to central Connecticut, Minnesota, and the mountains of Colorado and California; expanding to Pennsylvania and West Virginia where reintroduced Maine Focus Region: South Home Range: 6-20 sq. mi. (4,000-13,000 acres) Food: Snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, porcupine, squirrels and other small mammals, birds, berries, and other fruits Special Habitat Needs: Generally associated with mature conifer and mixed forests, but found in a variety of forest types and age classes. Dens in hollow trees, logs, or under boulders. Management: Maintain landscapes with extensive forests. In developing areas maintain a network of woodlots and interconnected travel corridors. See landscape recommendations (Section 8). Maintain dead trees, logs, and other structural features as denning sites and cover for small mammals that are the fisher’s staple diet. Create small openings to enhance vegetation diversity and prey abundance. Maintain or enhance softwood inclusions, including softwood understory cover. See management guide for snags, cavity trees, and downed woody material (Section 7). Comments: Landscapes that support fisher are used by a wide variety of forest wildlife. Family forests are important to the survival of this large member of the weasel family in southwestern and central Maine. Mature conifers are important in northern Maine where deep snow limits fisher populations. The fisher has been expanding southward into eastern Massachusetts and Connecticut, suggesting that it can tolerate human settlement if interconnected forests are available. Habitat Use: Aspen-Birch Forest Ecosystems Northern Hardwoods Oak-Pine Hemlock Spruce-Fir N. White Cedar R S I M R S I M L R S I M L I M L R S I M L I M L Special-value Habitats Riparian/ Wetland Vernal Forest Pool R Regeneration and seedlings Mx Mixed conifer-deciduous Focus habitat S Saplings and small poles U Understory present Other habitat I Intermediate-aged forest C Cavity tree or snag Little/no use M Mature forest L Late-successional forest References: Burt 1976, DeGraaf and Yamasaki 2001, Snyder undated, Krohn 2004 40 Focus Species Forestry
White-tailed Deer Distribution: Southern Canada and the United States except west of the Cascades, California, and Utah Maine Focus Region: North, due to its dependence on large areas of relatively mature to mature conifer cover for winter habitat. Common, but not a focus species in the South Region. Home Range: Typically 150-1,300 acres for nonmigratory deer (e.g. southern Maine); 1,300-7,500 acres in northern regions with deep snow. Some deer from Canada travel up to 100 miles to fall and winter range in northern Maine. Food: Forbs, grasses, sedges, and ferns in spring and summer; acorns, beechnuts, mushrooms, and leaves in fall; twigs and buds in winter Special Habitat Needs: Mature softwood stands for winter cover interspersed with browse from seedlings and young saplings Management Harvesting in zoned Deer Wintering Areas (DWA) in the unorganized townships is regulated by the Land Use Regulatory commission, but experience has shown that only managing for winter range in zoned DWA is inadequate. Landowners in this region are encouraged to develop a cooperative management agreement with the Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife. Maintain at least 50% of a DWA in closed-canopy softwood cover where winter snows limit movement while encouraging browse in small, dispersed harvest units. Consult with the MDIFW regional biologist about the location of DWA and specific management recommendations. Comments: Deer are closely associated with Maine’s hunting tradition and are popular with non-hunters as well. Lack of adequate winter range is limiting populations of this culturally important animal in northern and eastern Maine, and management for other northern species may not provide adequate winter habitat. MDIFW’s long-term objectives for northern Maine are to increase deer wintering habitat from the current 1.5% of the landscape to 8- 10% over the next 30 years. Habitat Use: Aspen-Birch Forest Ecosystems Northern Hardwoods Oak-Pine Hemlock Spruce-Fir N. White Cedar R S I M R S I M L R S I M L I M L R S I M L I M L Special-value Habitats Riparian/ Wetland Vernal Forest Pool R Regeneration and seedlings Mx Mixed conifer-deciduous Focus habitat S Saplings and small poles U Understory present Other habitat I Intermediate-aged forest C Cavity tree or snag Little/no use M Mature forest L Late-successional forest References: DeGraaf and Yamasaki 2001, Foss 1999b, Hobson et al. 1993 Focus Species Forestry 41
Page 1 and 2: Focus Species Forestry A Guide to I
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements The Focus Species
Page 7 and 8: 1. Introduction It’s a crisp wint
Page 9 and 10: 2. Characteristics of Focus Species
Page 11 and 12: Focus Species and Human Values Whil
Page 13 and 14: 3. Step by Step Guide to Focus Spec
Page 15 and 16: For riparian and wetland areas and
Page 17 and 18: Habitat Monitoring Habitat is the m
Page 19 and 20: Table 1. Forest Ecosystem Types and
Page 21 and 22: Table 2. Stand Development Stages S
Page 23 and 24: 5. Habitat Management Guides The fo
Page 25 and 26: Aspen-Birch _______________________
Page 27 and 28: Northern Hardwoods ________________
Page 29 and 30: Oak-Pine __________________________
Page 31 and 32: Eastern Hemlock ___________________
Page 33 and 34: Spruce-Fir ________________________
Page 35 and 36: Northern White Cedar ______________
Page 37 and 38: Riparian and Wetland Forest _______
Page 39 and 40: Vernal Pools ______________________
Page 41 and 42: 6. Focus Species Profiles and Manag
Page 43 and 44: Snowshoe Hare Distribution: Alaska
Page 45: American Marten Distribution: Alask
Page 49 and 50: Ruffed Grouse Distribution: Year-ro
Page 51 and 52: Black-backed Woodpecker Distributio
Page 53 and 54: Wood Thrush Distribution: Breeding-
Page 55 and 56: Magnolia Warbler Distribution: Brit
Page 57 and 58: Pine Warbler Distribution: Southern
Page 59 and 60: Eastern Towhee Distribution: Breedi
Page 61 and 62: Northern Dusky Salamander Distribut
Page 64 and 65: Wood Turtle Distribution: Nova Scot
Page 66 and 67: Late-Successional Forest Species Co
Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Focus Species Summary Tabl
Page 70 and 71: Maine Forest Service Goals for Snag
Page 72 and 73: prefer areas of low habitat intersp
Page 74 and 75: Large Ownerships: On a typical town
Page 76 and 77: 9. Literature Cited Allen, T.G., an
Page 78 and 79: Maine Natural Areas Program (MNAP).
Page 80 and 81: Appendix 1. Recommended Resources .
Page 82 and 83: Appendix 2. List of Focus Species H
Page 84 and 85: older forest in islands and peninsu
Page 86 and 87: Appendix 5. Focus Species Data Form
Page 88 and 89: Focus Species Habitat Worksheet Pro
Page 90 and 91: Appendix 6. Example Stand Maps and
Page 92 and 93: Focus Species Habitat Worksheet Pro
Page 94 and 95: Appendix 7. Focus Species Associate
Page 96 and 97:
Appendix 9. Primary Focus Species f
Page 98:
Appendix 10. Examples of Stand Clas
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Focus Species Forestry - Maine Audubon

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