Chapter 4 River fan deposits. Being trapped by <strong>the</strong> hemipelagic fine-grained sediment layers on <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Paleo-Don River fan deposits, numerous shallow gas reservoirs have formed. Finally, shallow faults, probably formed within <strong>the</strong> uppermost units due to slope instability <strong>and</strong>/or earthquakes, can serve as vertical migration pathways above <strong>the</strong>se gas reservoirs for free gas to <strong>the</strong> seafloor <strong>and</strong> through <strong>the</strong> observed gas flares into <strong>the</strong> water column. Acknowledgements We thank <strong>the</strong> crew <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> participating scientists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Meteor cruise M72/3b for <strong>the</strong>ir hard work <strong>and</strong> assistance in data. We also thank Christian dos Santos Ferreira for kind help on generating <strong>the</strong> bathymetric grid. Many thanks to Dr. Miriam Römer for revising <strong>the</strong> manuscripts. References Alex<strong>and</strong>er Kitcka, Irina Nedosekova, 2005. Exploring Offshore Ukraine Using Space-born Data: Submarine Seeps, Oil Slicks, <strong>and</strong> Promising Prospects. EAGE 67th Conference & Exhibition — Madrid, Spain, P341. Aloisi, G., Drews, M., Wallmann, K., <strong>and</strong> Bohrmann, G., 2004. Fluid expulsion from <strong>the</strong> Dvurechenskii mud volcano (Black Sea) Part I. Fluid sources <strong>and</strong> relevance to Li, B, Sr, I <strong>and</strong> dissolved inorganic nitrogen cycles. EPSL, 225: 347-363. Berndt, C., Bunz, S., Clayton, T., Mienert, J. <strong>and</strong> Saunders, M., 2004. Seismic character <strong>of</strong> bottom simulating reflectors: examples from <strong>the</strong> mid-Norwegian margin. Marine <strong>and</strong> Petroleum Geology, 21, (6), 723-733. Blinova, V.N., Ivanov, M.K., <strong>and</strong> Bohrmann, G., 2003. Hydrocarbon gases in deposits from mud volcanoes in <strong>the</strong> Sorokin Trough, north-eastern Black Sea. Geo-Marine Letters, 23: 250-257. Bohrmann, G., Ivanov, M., Foucher, J.-P., Spiess, V., Bialas, J., Greinert, J., Weinrebe, W., Abegg, F., Aloisi, G., Artemov, Y., Blinova, V., Drews, M., Heidersdorf, F., Krabbenhöft, A., Klaucke, I., Krastel, S., Leder, T., Polikarpov, I., Saburova, M., Schmale, O., Seifert, R., Volkonskaya, A. <strong>and</strong> Zillmer, M., 2003. Mud volcanoes <strong>and</strong> gas hydrates in <strong>the</strong> Black Sea: new data from Dvurechenskii <strong>and</strong> Odessa mud volcanoes. Geo-Marine Letters, 23: 239-249. Bohrmann, Gerhard; Pape, Thomas; cruise participants, 2007. Report <strong>and</strong> preliminary results <strong>of</strong> R/V METEOR Cruise M72/3, Istanbul - Trabzon - Istanbul, 17 March - 23 April, 2007. Marine gas hydrates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eastern Black Sea. Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen, 261, 176 pp, urn : nbn : de : gbv : 46-ep000106850. Cifci, G., Dondurur, D., Ergün, M., 2002. Sonar <strong>and</strong> high resolution seismic studies in <strong>the</strong> Eastern Black Sea. Turkish Journal <strong>of</strong> Earth Sciences, 11 (1): 61-81. 119
Chapter 4 Crémière, A., Pierre, C., <strong>and</strong> Aloisi, G., 2011. Authigenic carbonates related to <strong>the</strong>rmogenic gas hydrates in <strong>the</strong> sea <strong>of</strong> Marmara (Turkey). Proceedings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7th International Conference on <strong>Gas</strong> Hydrates (ICGH 2011), Edinburgh, Scotl<strong>and</strong>, United Kingdom, July 17-21, 2011. Dickens, G. R. <strong>and</strong> M. S. Quinby-Hunt, 1997. Methane hydrate stability in pore water: A simple <strong>the</strong>oretical approach for geophysical applications, J. Geophys. Res., 102 (B1), 773–783 Ergün, M., Dondurur, D., <strong>and</strong> Cifci, G., 2002. Acoustic evidence for shallow gas accumulations in <strong>the</strong> sediments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern Black Sea. Terra Nova, 14: 313-320. Ginsburg, G.D., Kremlev, A.N., Grigor, M.N., Larkin, G.V., Pavlenkin, A.D. <strong>and</strong> Saltykova, N.A., 1990. Filtrogenic gas hydrates in <strong>the</strong> Black Sea (21st voyage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> research vessel Evpatoriya). Soviet Geol Geophys, 31: 101-152. Greinert, J., Artemov, Y, Egorov, V., De Batist, M., <strong>and</strong> McGinnis, D, 2006. 1300-m-high rising bubbles from mud volcanoes at 2080m in <strong>the</strong> Black Sea: Hydroacoustic characteristics <strong>and</strong> temporal variability. EPSL, 244: 1-15. Grevemeyer, I., Rosenberger, A., <strong>and</strong> Villinger, H., 2000, Natural gas hydrates on <strong>the</strong> continental slope <strong>of</strong>f Pakistan: Constraints from seismic techniques. Geophysical Journal International, 140, 295-310. Holbrook, W.S., Gorman, A.R., Hornbach, M., Hackwith, K.L., Nealon, D., Lizarralde, D., <strong>and</strong> Pecher, I.A., 2002. Seismic detection <strong>of</strong> marine methane hydrate. The Leading Edge, 21 (7): 686-689. Hornbach, M. J., W. S. Holbrook, A. R. Gorman, K. L. Hackwith, D. Lizarralde, <strong>and</strong> I. Pecher, 2003. Direct seismic detection <strong>of</strong> methane hydrate on <strong>the</strong> Blake Ridge, Geophysics, 68 (1), 92– 100. Ivanov MK, Limonov AF, van Weering TCE, 1996. Comparative characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Black Sea <strong>and</strong> Mediterranean Ridge mud volcanoes. Mar Geol 132:253-271. Ivanov MK, Limonov AM, Woodside JM, 1998. Extensive deep fluid flux through <strong>the</strong> sea floor on <strong>the</strong> Crimean continental margin (Black Sea). In: Henriet JP, Mienert J (eds) <strong>Gas</strong> hydrates; relevance to world margin stability <strong>and</strong> climate change. Geol Soc Spec Publ, pp 195-214. Ivanov, M.K., Konyukhov, A.U., Kulnitskii, L.M., <strong>and</strong> Musatov, A.A., 1989. Mud volcanoes in deep part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Black Sea. Vestnik MGU Serie de Geologia, 3: 21-31 (in Russian). Jones G.A. <strong>and</strong> Gagnon A.R., 1994. Radiocarbon chronology <strong>of</strong> Black Sea sediments. Deep-sea Research, 41 (3): 531-557. Judd, A., 2003. The global importance <strong>and</strong> context <strong>of</strong> methane escape from <strong>the</strong> seabed. Geo-Marine Letters, 23: 147-154. Judd, A., Hovl<strong>and</strong>, M., Dimitrov, L.I., Garcia-Gil, S., <strong>and</strong> Jukes, V., 2002. The geological budget at Continental Margins <strong>and</strong> its influence on climate change. Ge<strong>of</strong>luids, 2: 109-126. Kenyon, N.H., Ivanov, M.K., Akhmetzhanov, A.M., Akhmanov, G.G., 2002. Geological Processes in <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean <strong>and</strong> Black Seas <strong>and</strong> North East Atlantic. Preliminary results <strong>of</strong> investigations during <strong>the</strong> TTR-11 cruise <strong>of</strong> RV Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Logachev. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission technical series, 62: 89pp. Klaucke, I., Sahling, H., Bürk, D., Weinrebe, W., <strong>and</strong> Bohrmann, G., 2005. Mapping Deep-Water <strong>Gas</strong> Emissions With Sidescan Sonar. EOS, 86 (38): 341-343. 120
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Seismoacoustic Study of the Shallow
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Table of contents Table of contents
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Abstract Abstract In recent years,
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Outline of the Dissertation Outline
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Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Introduction 1
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Chapter 1 reflections, interpreted
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Chapter 1 Submarine gas seeps, pock
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Chapter 1 which have documented act
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Chapter 1 fluid migration related t
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Chapter 1 Evidence of gas seepage
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Chapter 1 The three main different
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Chapter 1 from deeper sources in th
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Chapter 1 numerous countries such a
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Chapter 1 1.5 Geological setting of
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Chapter 1 main sequences consist of
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Chapter 1 craterlike depressions wi
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Chapter 1 Jurassic - Paleogene, Upp
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Chapter 1 respectively, and one wat
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Chapter 1 During the seismic data p
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Chapter 1 1.6.2 The Parasound sedim
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Chapter 1 Caress, D.W., and Chayes,
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Chapter 1 Hovland, M., Gardner, J.V
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Chapter 1 Luo, X.R. and Vasseur, G.
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Chapter 1 Schroot, B.M., Klaver, G.
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Chapter 2 Chapter 2. Shallow Gas Tr
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Chapter 2 times. Seismically imaged
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Chapter 2 spike noise were marked a
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Chapter 2 The 2D high resolution se
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Chapter 2 Figure 4 A close-up of se
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Chapter 2 within the upper sediment
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Chapter 2 volcanoes between 66 and
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Chapter 2 Figure 7 Geo-seismic sect
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Chapter 2 In the study area, many b
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Chapter 2 volcanism could be calcul
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Chapter 2 along the feeder channel
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Chapter 2 Evpatoriya). Soviet Geol
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