Seismoacoustic Study of the Shallow Gas Transport and ... - E-LIB

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Chapter 3 Tugolesov, D.A., Gorshkov, A.S., Meisner, L.B., Soloviev, V. and Khakhalev, E.M., 1985. Tectonics of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits of the Black Sea (in Russian). Nedra, Moscow. Wagner-Friedrichs, M., 2007. Seafloor seepage in the Black Sea: mud volcanoes, seeps and diapiric structures imaged by acoustic methods. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Geosciences, Univ. of Bremen, Bremen. Weimer, P.R., 1989. Sequence stratigraphy, facies geometries and depositional history of the Mississippi fan, Gulf of Mexico. AAPG Bull. 74, 182–272. Wessel, P. and Smith, W. H. F. 1991. Free software helps map and display data. EOS 72, 445-446. Winguth, C., Wong, H. K., Panin, N., Dinu, C., Georgescu, P., Ungureanu, G., Krugliakov, V.V., and Podshuveit, V., 2000. Upper Quaternary water level history and sedimentation in the northwestern Black Sea. Marine Geology, 167 (1), 127-146. 93
Chapter 4 Chapter 4. Distribution of shallow gas in the subsurface, gas flares and the role of gas hydrate near the Kerch Peninsula, Black Sea 4.1. Introduction Gas seeps have been reported from every sea and ocean, and from a wide range of water depths. Their potential environmental impact is significant not only on the geosphere but also on the biosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere (Judd, 2003). Recent studies focus on the question if and how gas seeps could affect the carbon cycle and global warming (Judd et al., 2002). Furthermore, gas seeps also became economically interesting as they indicate locations of shallow or deep hydrocarbon accumulations. And they may have a large influence on the stability of the seabed and the development of submarine landslides (Naudts et al., 2006). The Black Sea is well known for the presence of gas seeps and seep-related structures, which have been reported from various areas, e.g. at the north-western margins (Peckmann et al., 2001; Michaelis et al., 2002; Mazzini et al., 2004; Naudts et al., 2006), in the central and north-eastern parts (Ivanov et al., 1989, 1998; Limonov et al., 1994; Woodside et al., 1997; Kenyon et al., 2002; Blinova et al., 2003; Bohrmann et al., 2003; Krastel et al., 2003; Aloisi et al., 2004; Mazzini et al., 2004; Greinert et al., 2006) as well as along the south-eastern slopes of the Black Sea (Cifci et al., 2002; Ergün et al., 2002; Klaucke et al., 2006). However, the study area, which is located at the continental slope in the eastern part of the Ukrainian Black Sea, south of Kerch Peninsula, was not investigated in detail before R/V Meteor Cruise M72/3b in 2007, where a 2D high resolution seismic dataset was acquired. During three later cruises (R/V MARIA S. MERIAN Cruise MSM15/2 in 2010, R/V Meteor Cruise M84/2 in 2011, FS POSEIDON Cruise POS427 in 2012) further acoustic data had been acquired in the vicinity of gas seeps. Gas hydrates are commonly associated with gas seeps or mud volcanoes in the Black Sea below ~700 m water depth (Ginsburg et al., 1990). Stable gas hydrate deposits can prevent the upward migration of methane (dissolved in the pore water or as free gas forming gas bubbles) into the water column. In the western part of the Ukrainian Black Sea, for example, Naudts et al. (2006) showed that the seep distribution coincides with the phase boundary of methane hydrate. Nevertheless, gas bubble emissions can also occur in areas within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ), for instance at mud volcanoes in the Sorokin Trough and in the central Black Sea (Limonov et al., 1994; Limonov et al., 1997; Woodside et al., 1997), or at the Batumi seep area offshore Georgia (Klaucke et al., 2005, 2006). The Kerch seep area (Römer et al., 2012) located in the 94
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Seismoacoustic Study of the Shallow
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Table of contents Table of contents
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Abstract Abstract In recent years,
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Outline of the Dissertation Outline
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Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Introduction 1
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Chapter 1 reflections, interpreted
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Chapter 1 Submarine gas seeps, pock
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Chapter 1 which have documented act
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Chapter 1 fluid migration related t
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Chapter 1 Evidence of gas seepage
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Chapter 1 The three main different
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Chapter 1 from deeper sources in th
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Chapter 1 numerous countries such a
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Chapter 1 1.5 Geological setting of
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Chapter 1 main sequences consist of
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Chapter 1 craterlike depressions wi
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Chapter 1 Jurassic - Paleogene, Upp
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Chapter 1 respectively, and one wat
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Chapter 1 During the seismic data p
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Chapter 1 1.6.2 The Parasound sedim
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Chapter 1 Caress, D.W., and Chayes,
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Chapter 1 Hovland, M., Gardner, J.V
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Chapter 1 Luo, X.R. and Vasseur, G.
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 1 Schroot, B.M., Klaver, G.
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 2 Chapter 2. Shallow Gas Tr
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 2 times. Seismically imaged
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 2 spike noise were marked a
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 2 The 2D high resolution se
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 Figure 4 A close-up of se
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 2 within the upper sediment
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 2 volcanoes between 66 and
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 2 Figure 7 Geo-seismic sect
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 2 In the study area, many b
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 2 volcanism could be calcul
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 2 along the feeder channel
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 2 Evpatoriya). Soviet Geol
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 3 Chapter 3. Sedimentary Ev
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 3 South (Fig. 2). The water
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 3 Figure 3 (a) Uninterprete
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 3 Seven seismic facies type
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 3 Seismic Unit 5 ranges in
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 3 3.4.3.5. Seismic Unit 2 A
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 3 Figure 11 (a) Uninterpret
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 Figure 13 (a) Uninterpret
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 3 boundary between the Plio
Page 92 and 93: Chapter 3 Seismic Unit 6 belongs to
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 3 subsidence was coincident
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 3 Acknowledgements We thank
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 4 study area at ~900 m wate
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 4 Figure 2 Bathymetry of th
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 4 University of Bremen). At
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 4 and Ridge R2 (GeoB07-139)
Page 108 and 109: Chapter 4 flares location. Anticlin
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 4 GeoB07-145. Green arrows
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 4 4.4.3.2.3. Other anomalou
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 4 Slope fan deposits with f
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 4 Figure 12 Possible locati
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 4 bulk hydrate or even high
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 4 may add to gas accumulati
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 4 The narrow-beam Parasound
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 4 River fan deposits. Being
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 4 Klaucke, I., Sahling, H.,
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 4 Wagner-Friedrichs, M., 20
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 5 deposited; during lowstan
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 5 accumulations. An acousti
Page 134 and 135: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I
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