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Searching for the origin of sportive actions in the early Greek society, one finds in Ilias and Odyssee (oldest literaly historical works handed out) many parts therefore. In the Ilias, competitions mainly correspond to "death agons" for fallen héros. Almost the whole 23rd book of the epic poem reports about funeral games for Patroklos, done by his friend Achilleus. The social function - eight disciplines, the competitions, prices, the feast at the end are described in great detail - the competition seems to be a welcome occasion for the participants to strengthen and to increase their prestige within the society. In the Odyssee the motives for arranging competitions are the visit of the foreign guest Odysseus as well as a kind of "bride agon". Questioning the motives or occasions of the various competitions, games and sport events, analogies to ancient High Cultures can be discovered. Finding out the best in every way and in all kinds of exercises makes the connection to cult as well as to politics obvious. Equally obvious is also that sport has already been instrumentalized, turned to account in sense of a function. After discussing these explanations regarding the question of the origin of games, I tried to give a brief conclusion according to the origin of sport itself with information of ethnological research, comparison of cultures and sports activities in a huge variety of forms. Examination of groups of Westindians, African and Oceanic societies report about many kinds of runs, wrestling, fist fights, jumping and climbing, apparatus sports, shooting-, skidding-, pushing contests, fencing, ball games, water sports, horse back riding, as well as unknown, invented games and lead to the conclusion: Sport like play, is a communicative act. Comparing research of behaviour refers to similarities of the phylogenetic development of humans and animals in regards to sportive actions. Mainly behaviours like provocation rites, weakness postures, survival-exercises, classify the order of precedence are considered thereby. Analysing the structure of insticts one gets many factors in regards to sports. Sports would therefore be necessary to survive. Competition is a fact of existence: it is the nature of participation in the food chain. Treating sport as metaplay, a case is made for 17
the institution as a factor in the evolution of human social organisation. With realization of ethnology and of "comparing research of behaviour" in regards to the origin of sports with examinations of sportive activities of ancient High Cultures as well as "primitive societies", other answers as before could be given to the question of the origin of the Olympic games. All ancient appearing details (Demeterpriest, Herolds...), which are now obviously later added functions of games, the dimension of the meetings as an extensive social event can be explained clearly because of the ethnological point of view. 18
Page 2 and 3: INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY 5th P
Page 4 and 5: EPHORIA OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPI
Page 6 and 7: PROLOGUE The publication of this IO
Page 8 and 9: Mark Maes (BEL), Mr Dimitris Panagi
Page 10 and 11: Prof. Dr. Kurt WEIS Institute of So
Page 12 and 13: Ms. Diana MINARIKOVA Mr. Hossein MO
Page 14: SUMMARIES OF THE PAPERS PRESENTED A
Page 17: the initiation of games cannot be r
Page 21 and 22: Within a short summary of 22 rhapso
Page 23 and 24: AMATEURS AND PROFESSIONALS AT THE A
Page 25 and 26: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PHYSICAL EDU
Page 27 and 28: Dissimilarities: In Sparta school,
Page 29 and 30: can be considered as a vehicle for
Page 31 and 32: ered 9 events. Three of the ancient
Page 33 and 34: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLOSING CERE
Page 35 and 36: the IOC provided no rules as far as
Page 37 and 38: to the degree of difficulty. Strivi
Page 39 and 40: Games of the Fifth Olympiad in Stoc
Page 41 and 42: animation of the Olympic art compet
Page 43 and 44: to sport. His merits are in the pop
Page 45 and 46: OLYMPIC QUEST IN CAMEROON 1960-1996
Page 47 and 48: constitution of the organic structu
Page 49 and 50: as we are approaching the 21st cent
Page 51 and 52: world and as such they are influenc
Page 53 and 54: THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC MOVEMENT
Page 55 and 56: HOW CAN SOCIAL EXCLUSION BE OVERCOM
Page 57 and 58: 4. National Olympic Committees' sup
Page 59 and 60: MAKING THE OLYMPIC PRINCIPLES WORK
Page 61 and 62: INFLUENCE OF BODY IMAGE TO ESTABLIS
Page 63 and 64: Summary of Part B - Nutrition We ca
Page 65 and 66: VALUES AND CONCEPTIONS OF THE BRAZI
Page 67 and 68: y the results obtained in Cagigal's
Page 69 and 70:
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF DOPING PHEN
Page 71 and 72:
In 1998, during the Seoul Olympics
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THE ATHLETE AND THE OLYMPIC IDEA: C
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of the athlete's social context on
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The E.D.G.E. is in a process of gro
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sometimes used as a role model for
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OLYMPIC AND THE 20th CENTURY BODYMI
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THE MAIN CHALLENGES FACING THE OLYM
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iv-The people in charge of the Olym
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Introduction SOME ETHICAL ASPECTS O
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gested that the so-called "honour s
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POLITICS IN OLYMPIC GAMES: BOYCOTTS
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THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENT IN THE INFORMA
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highways allow spectators to intera
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However, it is my opinion that the
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• Actions characterized as fair p
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actions (characterized as both fair
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non sociability. Furthermore, it wo
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TAE KWON DO by Kwan In LIM (KOR) I.
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I have designed a program for the i
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4. THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENT APPEALS APP
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CONCLUSIONS FROM THE TOPIC OF SOCIO
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e the role of sport in creating nat
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ticipation of the students, because
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• We are all of the opinion that
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CONCLUSIONS OF THE ANCIENT GREEK OL
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nature of sports, the Ancient sport
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS EPHORIA OF THE
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BOSNIA - HERZEGOVINA Mrs Medina SEH
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JORDAN Mr. Ahamd Waqqas AL TAL Jour
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THE OLYMPIC IDEAL AND THE I.O.A. by
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ejection of any form of discriminat
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In addition, ever larger facilities
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the centre that would serve the Oly
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promoted and the motivation provide
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Olympic victory does not mean the h
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It is encouraging to see that in ma
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These are some of the people with v
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Zappas, Vikelas, the Hungarian Keme
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Swedish length measure correspondin
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covering the Olympics, the journali
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Speaking of Olympic identities, how
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In today's Olympics, advanced commu
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some relevant specialization (7). L
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when it discovered that, for a numb
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technological challenge which Atlan
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Journalists discovered, already on
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for the SOCOG. As in the case of Ba
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THE OLYMPIC GAMES AND THE MOVING IM
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Chariots of Fire. All the major ath
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almost no technique which Reifensta
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a wonderful Games. From its conside
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casters, who then each made a custo
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of a retreat into nationalism and l
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CONCLUSIONS FROM THE DISCUSSIONS BY
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ture of question sessions meant tha
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and the USSR and the rising influen
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of National Olympic Committees enco
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help of about 600 accredited staff.
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JOURNALISTS / WRITTEN PRESS - PHOTO
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-o- TV rights, for the Summer Games
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-o- athletes taking part in Summer
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190
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on the commercial and economic evol
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WORKS OF THE 3rd JOINT INTERNATIONA
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Prof. Jim PARRY Head of the Departm
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EGYPT Dr. Ashraf Abd El Moez ABOU E
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IRAN Mrs Shokouh NAVABINEJAD Univer
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MALAWI Ms Ruth CHIBWE - BANDA Educa
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SINGAPORE Mr. Ek Piang GOH Senior C
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Mr. Mohamed AH
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FAIR PLAY by Dr. Thomas YANNAKIS (G
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According with the information prov
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has risen and my decision will be s
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and fair play, is of course achieve
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Fair play is waging an inexorable w
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SPORT ETHICS IN THE PAST AND NOW by
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national Olympic Committee and Pres
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in conflict, thus destroying one of
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ages that honesty is a concept far
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teaches the technique of a sport to
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ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE OLYMPIC IDEA
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Olympism is a philosophy of life, e
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from it. That is why, in rowing for
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There are very important corollarie
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If I'm British and investigate a gr
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stand as a role model, especially f
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then they should apply in practice.
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to the conclusion; or begin with a
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CULTURALISM AND EDUCATIONAL VALUES
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in uncivilized behaviors, even mora
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3. Culture and education set the Ol
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to fit in the post industrial age i
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may cooperate on some educational p
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SPORT, MORAL EDUCATION AND DEVELOPM
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y practitioners in their work with
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and sport sociologists have been us
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In a recent study (Lidor & Nagal, a
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The six strategies are: Strategy 1:
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Presumably, despite the sincere eff
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DEMOCRACY, EDUCATION AND SPORT INTR
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world. Riordan (1977, 1978) traced
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1976), at the middle in Germany (Lu
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to be symbolic reasons for the mass
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When a sport democratizes to the ex
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Whenever cultures come into contact
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The democratization of sport world-
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31.Riordan, J. (1977). Sport in Sov
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chologist Lawrence Kohlberg stands
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LEVEL C: POST CONVENTIONAL AND PRIN
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ight action, in the last decade or
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have been more critical. I want her
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This is moral perception only as pr
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weakness of will in its many forms.
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pable of constructive a well as con
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virtues whose development is proper
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4. Rawls, J. (1972) A Theory of Jus
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SPORTS MANAGEMENT STRESSING THE VAL
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performing actions, which consequen
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of its simple universality, functio
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Companies are still willing to inve
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Médiatisation That television in p
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see how the decisions in a large nu
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possesses the quality of empathy in
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that sport and physical education s
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Under Greek sports law, to maintain
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of the Olympic Family 18 . The EC i
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associated with appropriate sanctio
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Olympia 24-31 July 1993, In: Sports
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and traditions b) doping c)giving o
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6. S. Kostakos (1993), "Disciplinar
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A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE EDUCAT
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- Fair Moraly wrong - Morally requi
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this way; (Evropa a doba poevropsk
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MORALS AND THE SACRED PANHELLENIC G
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having games before the battle, but
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ETHICS IN SPORT AND OLYMPIC GAMES b
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cans and Japanese living in the U.S
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sense, I feel Japanese athletes sho
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SURVEY METHOD Area: , Hyogo, Japan
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- Not worth it if he injured (G) -
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Social Health Social health involve
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and peer support will be key factor
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Let us do all we can so that our at
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is the crown jewel of sports. The O
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a year later, the Institute founded
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value, consistently confront that b
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• We can send a key message to at
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• How can we in our own country h
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- the need to test the theoretical
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Ethics apply every day, they are me
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What is character? Aspects of chara
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Is this the uniqueness of Olympism?
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2. Organize, demonstrate, practice,
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part, they include sport with "non-
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versus "professional" sports judgin
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-Ethics reveals the depth of our be
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not fair, it is difficult to educat
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CONTENTS Ephoria of the Internation
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The moral aspects of Olympic Moveme
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French speaking group by Marc Maes.
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