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4.4.4.1 5.1.1 5.2.1 5.3.1 5.4.1.1 5.4.2.1 5.5.1 5.6.1 6.2.1.1 6.2.2.1 8.2.1.1 8.2.1.2 8.2.1.3 8.2.2.1 8.2.2.2 8.2.2.3 8.2.3.1 8.2.3.2 8.2.3.3 8.3.1 Viscosity of hardwood holocellulose samples. Comparison of cellulose and hemicellulose proportions in the solid residue from the trials of experiment 1.1 Comparison of cellulose and hemicellulose proportions in the solid residue from the trials of experiment 1.2. Comparison of cellulose and hemicellulose proportions in the solid residue from the trials of experiment 1.3. Comparison of cellulose and hemicellulose proportions in the solid residue from the trials of experiment 1.4A. Comparison of cellulose and hemicellulose proportions in the solid residue from the trials of experiment 1.4B. Comparison of cellulose and hemicellulose proportions in the solid residue from the trials of experiment 1.5. Comparison of cellulose and hemicellulose proportions in the solid residue from the trials of experiment 1.6. Comparison of cellulose and hemicellulose proportions in the solid residue from the trials of experiment 2.2A. Comparison of cellulose and hemicellulose proportions in the solid residue from the trials of experiment 2.2B. Parameters that were employed for the investigation of reactor temperature. System parameters associated with reactor temperature investigation. Yield of solid residue for trials associated with investigation of reaction temperature. Parameters that were employed for the investigation of sand bed mass. System parameters associated with sand bed mass investigation. Products derived from the pyrolysis of hemicellulose Yield of solid residue for trials associated with investigation of sand bed mass. Parameters that were employed for the investigation of carrier gas flow rate. System parameters associated with carrier gas flow rate investigation. Yield of solid residue for trials associated with investigation of carrier gas flow rate. Comparison of simple distillation and distillation with cohobation on the 44 46 48 50 52 54 55 57 61 63 73 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 vii
9.1.1 9.1.2 9.2.1. 11.1.2.1 11.1.3.1 11.1.3.2 11.2.3.1 11.3.4.1 11.3.4.2 11.5.1.1 pilot scale. Toxicity information on lignin derived compounds. Toxicity information on hemicellulose/cellulose derived compounds. Example MSDS for a ‘typical’ pyrolysis oil. World production of furfural in 2001. World consumption of furfural in 2001. Market prices of furfural in 2001. World consumption of furfuryl alcohol in 2001. Main producers of isoeugenol in the US and Europe. Combined quantities of eugenol and isoeugenol imported into the US. Australian market for pulp (cellulose based) products. 81 82 83 92 92 93 94 97 97 101 viii
Page 1: Thermochemical Processing of Agrofo
Page 4 and 5: © 2006 Rural Industries Research a
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Page 8 and 9: 5.4.2.2 5.4.2.3 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.6.1 5
Page 12 and 13: Executive summary What the report i
Page 14 and 15: Under the conditions that resulted
Page 16 and 17: net increase of 28% compared to sim
Page 18 and 19: Due to the sensitivity of the pyrol
Page 20 and 21: It has been found that the composit
Page 22 and 23: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide 9,1
Page 24 and 25: TGA studies have revealed that hemi
Page 26 and 27: There is a large project in Western
Page 28 and 29: The 1,8-cineole content of Eucalypt
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2: Objectives The overall a
Page 32 and 33: 3.1.5 Preparation of sand for the r
Page 34 and 35: A mechanical stirrer, the purpose o
Page 36 and 37: A separate needle valve was employe
Page 38 and 39: Product collection train assembly T
Page 40 and 41: In the current study, a DB-1701 col
Page 42 and 43: to the chromatographic method (cons
Page 44 and 45: The ethylenediamine to cupric ion r
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.6.2. Experimental design fo
Page 48 and 49: Modification 2: recovery of Eucalyp
Page 50 and 51: 4.1.2 Identification by comparison
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.1.4.1. Summary of lignin de
Page 54 and 55: The retention times of the compound
Page 56 and 57: treatment. The balance of the water
Page 58 and 59: 4.4.2 Holocellulose determination b
Page 60 and 61:
4.4.4 Analysis of the properties of
Page 62 and 63:
1. Survey the influence of various
Page 64 and 65:
of the material converted to volati
Page 66 and 67:
The selectivity of the process towa
Page 68 and 69:
The effect of fluid bed mass on the
Page 70 and 71:
Table 5.4.2.1. Comparison of cellul
Page 72 and 73:
1.2. The parameter values employed
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 6: Influence of selected op
Page 76 and 77:
Yield (%m/m) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Figure 6
Page 78 and 79:
The proportion of feed converted to
Page 80 and 81:
Chapter 7: Optimisation of essentia
Page 82 and 83:
The very large improvement in cineo
Page 84 and 85:
A schematic diagram of each of the
Page 86 and 87:
14 17 19 11 12 9 13 15 16 10 1. Gla
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8.2 Evaluation of the fast pyrolysi
Page 90 and 91:
Table 8.2.1.3. Yield of solid resid
Page 92 and 93:
Table 8.2.2.3. Yield of solid resid
Page 94 and 95:
The influence of carrier gas flow r
Page 96 and 97:
Chapter 9. Assessment of any health
Page 98 and 99:
Table 9.1.2. Toxicity information o
Page 100 and 101:
3.0 Synonyms Bio-oil, pyrolysis liq
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• Vapour is irritating to the eye
Page 104 and 105:
1-tridecene 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpe
Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 11: Market analysis This ch
Page 108 and 109:
Table 11.1.2.1. World production of
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11.2.3 World consumption of furfury
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11.3.2 Guaiacol There is relatively
Page 114 and 115:
Current applications of isoeugenol
Page 116 and 117:
will involve passivation by a proce
Page 118 and 119:
produces around 14 billion litres/a
Page 120 and 121:
Appendix 1. Mass balances associate
Page 122 and 123:
Appendix 2. Mass balances associate
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Appendix 3: Quantification data for
Page 126 and 127:
Phenol Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Trial 1
Page 128 and 129:
Isoeugenol Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Tri
Page 130 and 131:
Syringol Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Trial
Page 132 and 133:
Furfural Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Trial
Page 134 and 135:
Furfural methyl acetal Trial 1.1 Tr
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Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 138 and 139:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 140 and 141:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 142 and 143:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 144 and 145:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 146 and 147:
130 Standardised Peak Area Retentio
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Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 150 and 151:
Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 152 and 153:
Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 154 and 155:
Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Sample Steam Extract 1 Ethanol Extr
Page 162 and 163:
Sample Steam Extract 1 Ethanol Extr
Page 164 and 165:
15. Klein, M.T. and P. Virk. 1981.
Page 166 and 167:
45. Vuori, A. 1986. Pyrolysis Studi
Page 168 and 169:
78. Faix. O., I. Fortmann, J. Breme
Page 170 and 171:
112. Kurth, E.F., and G.J. Ritter.
Page 172:
Thermochemical Processing of Agrofo
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