pdf download

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 3.6.2. Experimental design for stage 2 pyrolysis experiments. Temp. ( o C) Feed Size (μm) Feed Type Sand Size (μm) Sand Mass (g) Carrier Gas F.R Carrier Gas (L/min) (L/min) Air/O 2 N 2 Experiment 2.1: Effect of Carrier Gas Composition on Phenols Production 290 290 290 290 290 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 Residue 1.1 Residue 1.1 Residue 1.1 Residue 1.1 Residue 1.1 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150 150 150 150 150 8 8 8 8 8 Experiment 2.2A: Effect of Temperature on Phenols Production 290 290 295 300 300 305 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 Residue 1.1 Residue 1.1 Residue 1.1 Residue 1.1 Residue 1.1 Residue 1.1 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150 150 150 150 150 150 8 8 8 8 8 8 8/0 8/0 4/0 4/0 0/0 8/0 8/0 8/0 8/0 8/0 8/0 0 0 4 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Experiment 2.2B: Effect of Temperature on Phenols and Furfuryls Production 290 290 295 300 305 305 315 315 325 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 Residue 1.2 Residue 1.2 Residue 1.2 Residue 1.2 Residue 1.2 Residue 1.2 Residue 1.2 Residue 1.2 Residue 1.2 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150-210 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 3.7 Bench scale evaluation of essential oil recovery by steam distillation Two sets of experiments were performed in which various product recovery techniques were investigated in order to assess their relative efficiency in cineole recovery. 3.7.1 Leaf collection and preparation Leaf samples were collected from a private property in Creswick. All leaves were taken from 1 tree and from one area of the tree. The tree was a Blue gum. This was to minimise variation in leaf oil composition between distillations, although some variation is to be expected. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of product collection and steam distillation techniques rather than on maximisation of specific leaf oil yields. Thus, based on the objectives of the research, the actual species of Eucalypt was irrelevant. That is, the selected species needed to merely be morphologically representative, or typical, of the agroforestry resource because absolute oil yields were not of interest and nor was variation within a particular species. All that mattered was that the variation of oil within the sample be reasonably uniform so that variations in yield may be attributed to recovery technique. The uniformity of the sample was maximised by the method of sample collection. For each recovery technique that was evaluated, four trials were conducted. For each trial, between 700-1,000g of fresh leaves were prepared. This involved removing any branch material from the leaves. A small sub-sample (20-35g) was collected, weighed and transferred to a plastic bottle after cutting in half (to accelerate oil release). Approximately 100ml of ethanol was then added and the 30
ottle sealed. The ethanol quantitatively extracts the Eucalyptus oil from the leaves and thereby the total amount of oil in the samples can be ascertained. The quantity of oil recovered by the various techniques investigated could then be compared with the total oil present in order to assess the efficiency of each. The balance of the leaves was weighed and the steam distillation performed. Experiment 1: optimisation of product collection technique from conventional distillation The objective of Experiment 1 was to evaluate the influence of certain modifications on essential oil recovery when conventional distillation is employed. The conventional distillation process involves combining the leaves with water in an appropriate vessel or heating the leaves with steam. The vessel is then heated externally for the duration of the distillation. As the distillation proceeds, water and extracted Eucalyptus oil evaporate and are collected using a simple water-cooled condenser. As the oil is not miscible with the water, it may be easily separated, and the water discarded. The inefficiencies of this process, with respect to oil recovery, relate to the fact that the oil is partially soluble in the water and therefore a proportion is lost when the water is discarded. Extractions were performed using this conventional simple distillation process in order to evaluate the efficiency of recovery for this technique, which was then used as the control upon which the modified techniques were compared. A diagram of the type of simple distillation apparatus that was used for this study is displayed in Figure 3.7.1.1. Figure 3.7.1.1. Type of apparatus used for the extraction of Eucalyptus oil by simple conventional distillation. Modification 1: recovery of Eucalyptus oil using a Dean-Stark apparatus For these distillations, conventional distillation was employed as per the control. However, oil recovery was achieved by use of the Dean-Stark apparatus as opposed to the simple condenser used in the control. A diagram of the Dean-Stark apparatus is displayed in Figure 3.7.1.2. A B Figure 3.7.1.2. Diagram of the various oil recovery apparatus that were employed. A. Dean-Start apparatus B. Likens-Nickerson apparatus 31
Page 1: Thermochemical Processing of Agrofo
Page 4 and 5: © 2006 Rural Industries Research a
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Page 8 and 9: 5.4.2.2 5.4.2.3 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.6.1 5
Page 10 and 11: 4.4.4.1 5.1.1 5.2.1 5.3.1 5.4.1.1 5
Page 12 and 13: Executive summary What the report i
Page 14 and 15: Under the conditions that resulted
Page 16 and 17: net increase of 28% compared to sim
Page 18 and 19: Due to the sensitivity of the pyrol
Page 20 and 21: It has been found that the composit
Page 22 and 23: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide 9,1
Page 24 and 25: TGA studies have revealed that hemi
Page 26 and 27: There is a large project in Western
Page 28 and 29: The 1,8-cineole content of Eucalypt
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2: Objectives The overall a
Page 32 and 33: 3.1.5 Preparation of sand for the r
Page 34 and 35: A mechanical stirrer, the purpose o
Page 36 and 37: A separate needle valve was employe
Page 38 and 39: Product collection train assembly T
Page 40 and 41: In the current study, a DB-1701 col
Page 42 and 43: to the chromatographic method (cons
Page 44 and 45: The ethylenediamine to cupric ion r
Page 48 and 49: Modification 2: recovery of Eucalyp
Page 50 and 51: 4.1.2 Identification by comparison
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.1.4.1. Summary of lignin de
Page 54 and 55: The retention times of the compound
Page 56 and 57: treatment. The balance of the water
Page 58 and 59: 4.4.2 Holocellulose determination b
Page 60 and 61: 4.4.4 Analysis of the properties of
Page 62 and 63: 1. Survey the influence of various
Page 64 and 65: of the material converted to volati
Page 66 and 67: The selectivity of the process towa
Page 68 and 69: The effect of fluid bed mass on the
Page 70 and 71: Table 5.4.2.1. Comparison of cellul
Page 72 and 73: 1.2. The parameter values employed
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 6: Influence of selected op
Page 76 and 77: Yield (%m/m) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Figure 6
Page 78 and 79: The proportion of feed converted to
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 7: Optimisation of essentia
Page 82 and 83: The very large improvement in cineo
Page 84 and 85: A schematic diagram of each of the
Page 86 and 87: 14 17 19 11 12 9 13 15 16 10 1. Gla
Page 88 and 89: 8.2 Evaluation of the fast pyrolysi
Page 90 and 91: Table 8.2.1.3. Yield of solid resid
Page 92 and 93: Table 8.2.2.3. Yield of solid resid
Page 94 and 95: The influence of carrier gas flow r
Page 96 and 97:
Chapter 9. Assessment of any health
Page 98 and 99:
Table 9.1.2. Toxicity information o
Page 100 and 101:
3.0 Synonyms Bio-oil, pyrolysis liq
Page 102 and 103:
• Vapour is irritating to the eye
Page 104 and 105:
1-tridecene 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpe
Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 11: Market analysis This ch
Page 108 and 109:
Table 11.1.2.1. World production of
Page 110 and 111:
11.2.3 World consumption of furfury
Page 112 and 113:
11.3.2 Guaiacol There is relatively
Page 114 and 115:
Current applications of isoeugenol
Page 116 and 117:
will involve passivation by a proce
Page 118 and 119:
produces around 14 billion litres/a
Page 120 and 121:
Appendix 1. Mass balances associate
Page 122 and 123:
Appendix 2. Mass balances associate
Page 124 and 125:
Appendix 3: Quantification data for
Page 126 and 127:
Phenol Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Trial 1
Page 128 and 129:
Isoeugenol Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Tri
Page 130 and 131:
Syringol Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Trial
Page 132 and 133:
Furfural Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Trial
Page 134 and 135:
Furfural methyl acetal Trial 1.1 Tr
Page 136 and 137:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 138 and 139:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 140 and 141:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 142 and 143:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 144 and 145:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 146 and 147:
130 Standardised Peak Area Retentio
Page 148 and 149:
Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 150 and 151:
Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 152 and 153:
Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 154 and 155:
Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Sample Steam Extract 1 Ethanol Extr
Page 162 and 163:
Sample Steam Extract 1 Ethanol Extr
Page 164 and 165:
15. Klein, M.T. and P. Virk. 1981.
Page 166 and 167:
45. Vuori, A. 1986. Pyrolysis Studi
Page 168 and 169:
78. Faix. O., I. Fortmann, J. Breme
Page 170 and 171:
112. Kurth, E.F., and G.J. Ritter.
Page 172:
Thermochemical Processing of Agrofo
show all

pdf download

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?