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4.1.2 Identification by comparison with reference standards Reference standards were used, when available, to confirm the computer library identification of the compounds derived from the pyrolysis of the lignin component of wood. The compounds in which reference standards were used to assist in identification were: • Guaiacol • Phenol • Eugenol • Isoeugenol • Vanillin • Syringol • Syringaldehyde Comparison of the retention time and mass spectrum of each standard was made with the corresponding sample compound. Confirmation was achieved when both parameters were identical or close to identical. 4.1.3 Identification by comparison with literature retention times The procedure for this identification technique is described in Section 3.4.1. The relative retention times (RRT) of the compounds for which standards were available, or for which a very high computer library matching was obtained, were plotted against the corresponding relative retention times from the work of Faix and co-workers 104,105 , in order to determine what kind of relationship, or relationships, would adequately describe the data. These relationships were then modelled and the models were used to generate expected RRTs applicable to the present study based on the RRTs reported in the literature. If a peak, associated with an unidentified compound, was present at the predicted retention time, and if the respective mass spectra matched, then the peak assignment provided in the literature was also assigned to this compound. The lignin derived compounds identified by this technique are listed in Table 4.1.3.1. Eleven lignin-derived compounds present in the samples were identified by this technique but could not identified by computer library matching. A further 19 compounds were identified that were also identified by computer library matching. Thus, for the compounds listed in Table 4.1.3.1, positive identification was assumed. This assumption was based on the close similarity between the expected RRT and the actual RRT, as well as the similarity between the sample mass spectra and the mass spectra presented in the literature. This identification technique is also discussed elsewhere in detail 117 . 34
Table 4.1.3.1. Lignin derived compounds identified by use of RRT data provided in the literature. Compound Name Guaiacol Phenol 3-Methyl-2-aethoxyphenol 4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol 4-Vinylguaiacol Eugenol Syringol Isoeugenol Vanillin 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid 3,4-Dimethoxybenzene-1,2-diol Homovanillin Acetguaiacone Guaiacyl acetone 4-Vinylsyringol 4-Allylsyringol Alpha-oxy-propioguaiacone 4-Propenylsyringol (trans) Syringaldehyde 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenol Homosyringaldehyde Acetosyringone Coniferaldehyde Syringyl acetone Unknown (syringyl) Benzeneacetic acid, alpha-phenyl-,methyl ester Propiosyringone Alpha-oxy-propiosyringone 4-(oxy-Allyl)-syringol Sinapaldehyde 4.1.4 Summary of compounds identified in the samples from the pyrolysis of lignin Thirty six compounds were identified in the samples from the pyrolysis of the lignin component of. Of the 36 compounds, 7 were identified by all three of the identification techniques and a further 19 were identified by two techniques. The identified compounds, as well as the methods of identification, are summarised in Table 4.1.4.1. 35
Page 1: Thermochemical Processing of Agrofo
Page 4 and 5: © 2006 Rural Industries Research a
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Page 8 and 9: 5.4.2.2 5.4.2.3 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.6.1 5
Page 10 and 11: 4.4.4.1 5.1.1 5.2.1 5.3.1 5.4.1.1 5
Page 12 and 13: Executive summary What the report i
Page 14 and 15: Under the conditions that resulted
Page 16 and 17: net increase of 28% compared to sim
Page 18 and 19: Due to the sensitivity of the pyrol
Page 20 and 21: It has been found that the composit
Page 22 and 23: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide 9,1
Page 24 and 25: TGA studies have revealed that hemi
Page 26 and 27: There is a large project in Western
Page 28 and 29: The 1,8-cineole content of Eucalypt
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2: Objectives The overall a
Page 32 and 33: 3.1.5 Preparation of sand for the r
Page 34 and 35: A mechanical stirrer, the purpose o
Page 36 and 37: A separate needle valve was employe
Page 38 and 39: Product collection train assembly T
Page 40 and 41: In the current study, a DB-1701 col
Page 42 and 43: to the chromatographic method (cons
Page 44 and 45: The ethylenediamine to cupric ion r
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.6.2. Experimental design fo
Page 48 and 49: Modification 2: recovery of Eucalyp
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.1.4.1. Summary of lignin de
Page 54 and 55: The retention times of the compound
Page 56 and 57: treatment. The balance of the water
Page 58 and 59: 4.4.2 Holocellulose determination b
Page 60 and 61: 4.4.4 Analysis of the properties of
Page 62 and 63: 1. Survey the influence of various
Page 64 and 65: of the material converted to volati
Page 66 and 67: The selectivity of the process towa
Page 68 and 69: The effect of fluid bed mass on the
Page 70 and 71: Table 5.4.2.1. Comparison of cellul
Page 72 and 73: 1.2. The parameter values employed
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 6: Influence of selected op
Page 76 and 77: Yield (%m/m) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Figure 6
Page 78 and 79: The proportion of feed converted to
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 7: Optimisation of essentia
Page 82 and 83: The very large improvement in cineo
Page 84 and 85: A schematic diagram of each of the
Page 86 and 87: 14 17 19 11 12 9 13 15 16 10 1. Gla
Page 88 and 89: 8.2 Evaluation of the fast pyrolysi
Page 90 and 91: Table 8.2.1.3. Yield of solid resid
Page 92 and 93: Table 8.2.2.3. Yield of solid resid
Page 94 and 95: The influence of carrier gas flow r
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 9. Assessment of any health
Page 98 and 99: Table 9.1.2. Toxicity information o
Page 100 and 101:
3.0 Synonyms Bio-oil, pyrolysis liq
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• Vapour is irritating to the eye
Page 104 and 105:
1-tridecene 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpe
Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 11: Market analysis This ch
Page 108 and 109:
Table 11.1.2.1. World production of
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11.2.3 World consumption of furfury
Page 112 and 113:
11.3.2 Guaiacol There is relatively
Page 114 and 115:
Current applications of isoeugenol
Page 116 and 117:
will involve passivation by a proce
Page 118 and 119:
produces around 14 billion litres/a
Page 120 and 121:
Appendix 1. Mass balances associate
Page 122 and 123:
Appendix 2. Mass balances associate
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Appendix 3: Quantification data for
Page 126 and 127:
Phenol Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Trial 1
Page 128 and 129:
Isoeugenol Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Tri
Page 130 and 131:
Syringol Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Trial
Page 132 and 133:
Furfural Trial 1.1 Trial 1.2A Trial
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Furfural methyl acetal Trial 1.1 Tr
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Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
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Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
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Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 142 and 143:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 144 and 145:
Retention Time 15.177 15.667 18.246
Page 146 and 147:
130 Standardised Peak Area Retentio
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Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
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Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 152 and 153:
Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 154 and 155:
Retention Time 3.205 3.268 3.989 4.
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Sample Steam Extract 1 Ethanol Extr
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Sample Steam Extract 1 Ethanol Extr
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15. Klein, M.T. and P. Virk. 1981.
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45. Vuori, A. 1986. Pyrolysis Studi
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78. Faix. O., I. Fortmann, J. Breme
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112. Kurth, E.F., and G.J. Ritter.
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Thermochemical Processing of Agrofo
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