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7.5.7 Acropora horrida Dana 1846 ..................................................................................................................... 201 7.5.8 Acropora jacquelineae Wallace, 1994 ........................................................................................................ 205 7.5.9 Acropora listeri Brook, 1893 ...................................................................................................................... 209 7.5.10 Acropora lokani Wallace, 1994 ................................................................................................................. 213 7.5.10 Acropora lokani Wallace, 1994 ................................................................................................................. 213 7.5.11 Acropora microclados Ehrenberg, 1834 ..................................................................................................... 217 7.5.12 Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954 ................................................................................................................. 221 7.5.13 Acropora paniculata Verrill, 1902 ............................................................................................................. 225 7.5.14 Acropora pharaonis Milne Edwards and Haime, 1860 .............................................................................. 229 7.5.15 Acropora polystoma Brook, 1891 ............................................................................................................... 233 7.5.16 Acropora rudis Rehberg, 1892 ................................................................................................................... 241 7.5.17 Acropora speciosa Quelch, 1886 ................................................................................................................ 245 7.5.18 Acropora striata Verrill, 1866 .................................................................................................................... 249 7.5.19 Acropora tenella Brook, 1892 .................................................................................................................... 253 7.5.20 Acropora vaughani Wells, 1954 ................................................................................................................. 257 7.5.21 Acropora verweyi Veron and Wallace, 1984 .............................................................................................. 261 7.6 Genus Anacropora ............................................................................................................................................. 266 7.6.1 Anacropora puertogalerae Nemenzo, 1964................................................................................................. 266 7.6.2 Anacropora spinosa Rehberg, 1892 ........................................................................................................... 270 7.7 Genus Astreopora .............................................................................................................................................. 274 7.7.1 Astreopora cucullata Lamberts, 1980 ........................................................................................................ 274 7.8 Genus Isopora .................................................................................................................................................... 278 7.8.1 Isopora crateriformis Gardiner, 1898 ......................................................................................................... 278 7.9 Genus Montipora ............................................................................................................................................... 288 7.9.1 Montipora angulata Lamarck, 1816 ........................................................................................................... 290 7.9.2 Montipora australiensis Bernard, 1897 ...................................................................................................... 294 7.9.3 Montipora calcarea Bernard, 1897 ............................................................................................................ 298 7.9.4 Montipora caliculata Dana, 1846 ............................................................................................................... 302 7.9.5 Montipora dilatata Dana, 1846, Montipora flabellata Dana, 1846, and Montipora turgescens Bernard, 1897 ..................................................................................................................................................... 306 7.9.6 Montipora lobulata Bernard, 1897 ............................................................................................................. 311 7.9.7 Montipora patula (/verrili) Bernard, 1897 ................................................................................................. 315 7.10 Genus Alveopora (Family Poritidae) ................................................................................................................. 319 7.10.1 Alveopora allingi Hoffmeister, 1925 .......................................................................................................... 319 7.10.2 Alveopora fenestrata Lamarck, 1816 .......................................................................................................... 323 7.10.3 Alveopora verrilliana Dana, 1872 .............................................................................................................. 327 viii
7.11 Genus Porites .................................................................................................................................................... 331 7.11.1 Porites horizontalata Hoffmeister, 1925 .................................................................................................... 331 7.11.2 Porites napopora Veron, 2000 ................................................................................................................... 335 7.11.3 Porites nigrescens Dana, 1846 ................................................................................................................... 339 7.11.4 Porites pukoensis Vaughan, 1907 ............................................................................................................... 343 7.12 Genus Psammocora (Family Siderastreidae) ..................................................................................................... 349 7.12.1 Psammocora stellata Verrill, 1866 ............................................................................................................. 349 7.13 Genus Leptoseris (Family Agariciidae) ............................................................................................................. 353 7.13.1 Leptoseris incrustans Quelch, 1886 ........................................................................................................... 353 7.13.2 Leptoseris yabei Pillai and Scheer, 1976 .................................................................................................... 357 7.14 Genus Pachyseris ............................................................................................................................................... 361 7.14.1 Pachyseris rugosa Lamarck, 1801.............................................................................................................. 361 7.15 Genus Pavona .................................................................................................................................................... 365 7.15.1 Pavona bipartita Nemenzo, 1980 ............................................................................................................... 365 7.15.2 Pavona cactus Forskål, 1775 ...................................................................................................................... 369 7.15.3 Pavona decussata Dana, 1846 .................................................................................................................... 373 7.15.4 Pavona diffluens Lamarck, 1816 ................................................................................................................ 377 7.15.5 Pavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) .............................................................................................................. 381 7.16 Genus Galaxea (Family Oculinidae) ................................................................................................................. 385 7.16.1 Galaxea astreata Lamarck, 1816 ............................................................................................................... 385 7.17 Genus Pectinia (Family Pectiniidae) ................................................................................................................. 389 7.17.1 Pectinia alcicornis Saville-Kent, 1871 ....................................................................................................... 389 7.18 Genus Acanthastrea (Family Mussidae) ............................................................................................................ 393 7.18.1 Acanthastrea brevis Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849............................................................................... 393 7.18.2 Acanthastrea hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1834 ................................................................................................. 397 7.18.3 Acanthastrea ishigakiensis Veron, 1990 .................................................................................................... 401 7.18.4 Acanthastrea regularis Veron, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 405 7.19 Genus Barabattoia (Family Faviidae) ............................................................................................................... 409 7.19.1 Barabattoia laddi Wells, 1954 ................................................................................................................... 409 7.20 Genus Caulastrea .............................................................................................................................................. 413 7.20.1 Caulastrea echinulata Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 ........................................................................... 413 7.21 Genus Cyphastrea .............................................................................................................................................. 417 7.21.1 Cyphastrea agassizi Vaughan, 1907 ........................................................................................................... 417 7.21.2 Cyphastrea ocellina Dana, 1864 ................................................................................................................. 421 7.22 Genus Euphyllia (Family Caryophyllidae) ........................................................................................................ 425 ix
Page 1 and 2: NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐PI
Page 3 and 4: Pacific Islands Fisheries Science C
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many subject matter
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..........
Page 9: 5.5 Assessing the Critical Risk Thr
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure ES-1. Exampl
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3.3.6. The impacts of diseas
Page 17 and 18: Figure 6.5.3. Distribution of point
Page 19 and 20: Figure 7.5.10. Distribution of poin
Page 23 and 24: Figure 7.6.8. Distribution of point
Page 25 and 26: Figure 7.9.28. Montipora verrilli d
Page 27 and 28: Figure 7.13.7. Leptoseris yabei dis
Page 29 and 30: Figure 7.18.12. Distribution of poi
Page 33 and 34: ACRONYMS AAAS AGGRA AIMS AR4 BRT CA
Page 35 and 36: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On October 20, 20
Page 37 and 38: Figure ES-2. Summary of votes talli
Page 39 and 40: xxxvii
Page 41 and 42: 1. INTRODUCTION On October 20, 2009
Page 43 and 44: The NMFS must base its determinatio
Page 45 and 46: 2. GENERAL BACKGROUND ON CORALS AND
Page 47 and 48: as some of the Hawaiian Montipora a
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.2.1. Diversity of coral li
Page 51 and 52: on zooplankton can reduce the uptak
Page 53 and 54: provide net economic benefits of $3
Page 55 and 56: In some locations, such as Hawai`i,
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.5.1. Summary of regional co
Page 59 and 60: 3. THREATS TO CORAL SPECIES 3.1 Hum
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 3.1.1. World population from
Page 63 and 64:
2,500 People per km 2 Reef Area 2,0
Page 65 and 66:
3.2 Global Climate Change and Large
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1980), more recent work indicates t
Page 69 and 70:
forces put into place by anthropoge
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3.2.2.1 Coral bleaching High temper
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Figure 3.2.7. Global map of reef ar
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Figure 3.2.8. Predicted phytoplankt
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The dynamics of carbonate chemistry
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Figure 3.2.14. (Top and middle rows
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other branching corals (Langdon and
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Species Lophelia pertusa (cold wate
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3.2.3.2. Increased erosion Another
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as sea-level rise proceeds. Greater
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Figure 3.2.19. The impacts of chang
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ecosystems (Garrison et al., 2003).
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chemicals such as pesticides. Eleva
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Figure 3.3.1. The impacts of sedime
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1999; Thacker et al., 2001) because
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Other demonstrated sublethal effect
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3.3.1.4 Salinity impacts Many coral
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Some evidence show that seawater sa
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Figure 3.3.6. The impacts of diseas
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Figure 3.3.7. The impacts of predat
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Important synergies of corallivory
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facilitates coral recruitment), and
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The recent Reefs at Risk Revisited
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eplenish themselves from distant po
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eview, the BRT considers tsunami an
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Figure 3.3.12. Global analysis of r
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Au`au Channel is a thermocline, a d
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A very recent independent global an
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Unapparent effects are another comp
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4. DEMOGRAPHIC AND SPATIAL FACTORS
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the same environmental threats (e.g
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in identifying species in the field
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4.5.1 Critical Risk Threshold and d
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Figure 4.5.2. Number of successful
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(Rasher and Hay, 2010) and can redu
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5. METHODS 5.1 Overview In evaluati
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5.6 BRT Voting To estimate the like
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In establishing the approaches used
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Figure 6.1.2. Agaricia lamarcki dis
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Acidification: No specific research
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6.2 Genus Mycetophyllia (Family Mus
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Mycetophyllia ferox cover to be con
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6.3 Genus Dendrogyra (Family Meandr
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Depth range: Dendrogyra cylindrus h
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Risk Assessment Figure 6.3.5. Distr
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Evolutionary and geologic history:
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Disease: Dichocoenia stokesi has be
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6.5 Genus Montastraea (Family Favii
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Figure 6.5. Examples of declining a
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genetic variability in the molecula
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6.5.1 Montastraea faveolata Ellis a
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Figure 6.5.5. Montastraea franksi d
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6.5.3 Montastraea annularis Ellis a
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Risk Assessment Figure 6.5.10. Dist
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Figure 7.1.2. Millepora foveolata d
Page 181 and 182:
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Family: Milleporidae. Evolutionary
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Land-based sources of pollution (LB
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7.2 Genus Heliopora (Class Anthozoa
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Within federally protected waters,
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Page 193 and 194:
7.3 Genus Pocillopora (Class Anthoz
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Acidification: One recent study (Ma
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Figure 7.3.2. Pocillopora danae dis
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Predation: Pocillopora species are
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7.3.2 Pocillopora elegans Dana, 186
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Within federally protected waters,
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Risk Assessment The nominal candida
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Central and Indo-Pacific Pocillopor
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Figure 7.4.3. Seriatopora aculeata
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Life History Acropora are sessile c
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drop out (Randall and Birkeland, 19
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Island in the southeastern Pacific
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Figure 7.5.8. Acropora acuminata di
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Taxonomy Taxonomic issues: None. Fa
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Although range expansion was not di
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7.5.4 Acropora dendrum Bassett-Smit
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Life History Acropora dendrum is a
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7.5.5 Acropora donei Veron and Wall
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7.5.6 Acropora globiceps Dana, 1846
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Life History Acropora globiceps is
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7.5.7 Acropora horrida Dana 1846 Fi
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Life History Acropora horrida is a
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7.5.8 Acropora jacquelineae Wallace
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Abundance Abundance of Acropora hor
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7.5.9 Acropora listeri Brook, 1893
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Life History Acropora listeri is a
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7.5.10 Acropora lokani Wallace, 199
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Life History Acropora lokani is ass
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7.5.11 Acropora microclados Ehrenbe
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Threats For each of these possible
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7.5.12 Acropora palmerae Wells, 195
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Life History Acropora palmerae is a
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7.5.13 Acropora paniculata Verrill,
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Abundance Abundance of Acropora pan
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7.5.14 Acropora pharaonis Milne Edw
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Abundance Abundance of Acropora pha
Page 273 and 274:
7.5.15 Acropora polystoma Brook, 18
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
7.5.16. Acropora retusa Dana, 1846
Page 279 and 280:
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7.5.16 Acropora rudis Rehberg, 1892
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et al., 2009). While ocean acidific
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7.5.17 Acropora speciosa Quelch, 18
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
7.5.18 Acropora striata Verrill, 18
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
7.5.19 Acropora tenella Brook, 1892
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Disease: In general, Acropora speci
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7.5.20 Acropora vaughani Wells, 195
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Page 301 and 302:
7.5.21 Acropora verweyi Veron and W
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A search of published and unpublish
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Factors that increase the potential
Page 307 and 308:
Figure 7.6.3. Anacropora puertogale
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Risk assessment Figure 7.6.4. Distr
Page 311 and 312:
Figure 7.6.7. Anacropora spinosa di
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Figure 7.7.3. Astreopora cucullata
Page 317 and 318:
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Isopora has recently been considere
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
7.8.2 Isopora cuneata Dana, 1846 Fi
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U.S. Distribution According to both
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Life History Of the 35 species of M
Page 331 and 332:
Figure 7.9.3. Montipora angulata di
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Figure 7.9.7. Montipora australiens
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Global Distribution Global distribu
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Figure 7.9.15. Montipora caliculata
Page 345 and 346:
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Taxonomy Taxonomic issues: Importan
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
7.9.6 Montipora lobulata Bernard, 1
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(Albright et al., 2010) and is like
Page 355 and 356:
7.9.7 Montipora patula (/verrili) B
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Threats Thermal stress: Montipora s
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7.10 Genus Alveopora (Family Poriti
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Life History Reproductive character
Page 363 and 364:
7.10.2 Alveopora fenestrata Lamarck
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Threats Temperature stress: The gen
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7.10.3 Alveopora verrilliana Dana,
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Life History Alveopora verrilliana
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7.11 Genus Porites 7.11.1 Porites h
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Threats Temperature stress: Massive
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7.11.2 Porites napopora Veron, 2000
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Habitat Habitat: Porites napopora h
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7.11.3 Porites nigrescens Dana, 184
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of all other Porites species studie
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7.11.4 Porites pukoensis Vaughan, 1
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Life History The reproductive chara
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Risk Assessment of Porites clade 1
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7.12 Genus Psammocora (Family Sider
Page 391 and 392:
Abundance Abundance of Psammocora s
Page 393 and 394:
7.13 Genus Leptoseris (Family Agari
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
7.13.2 Leptoseris yabei Pillai and
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
7.14 Genus Pachyseris 7.14.1 Pachys
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ased on elevated temperatures and l
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7.15 Genus Pavona 7.15.1 Pavona bip
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Threats Temperature stress: Pavona
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7.15.2 Pavona cactus Forskål, 1775
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Life History Pavona cactus is a gon
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7.15.3 Pavona decussata Dana, 1846
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Page 417 and 418:
7.15.4 Pavona diffluens Lamarck, 18
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Threats Temperature stress: Pavona
Page 421 and 422:
7.15.5 Pavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 18
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
7.16 Genus Galaxea (Family Oculinid
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Abundance Galaxea astreata can be a
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7.17 Genus Pectinia (Family Pectini
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Acidification: Pectinia alcicornis
Page 433 and 434:
7.18 Genus Acanthastrea (Family Mus
Page 435 and 436:
Abundance Abundance of Acanthastrea
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7.18.2 Acanthastrea hemprichii Ehre
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
7.18.3 Acanthastrea ishigakiensis V
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
7.18.4 Acanthastrea regularis Veron
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Although specific larval descriptio
Page 449 and 450:
7.19 Genus Barabattoia (Family Favi
Page 451 and 452:
Threats Temperature stress: Unknown
Page 453 and 454:
7.20 Genus Caulastrea 7.20.1 Caulas
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Threats Thermal stress: Unknown, bu
Page 457 and 458:
7.21 Genus Cyphastrea 7.21.1 Cyphas
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Threats Thermal stress: The genus C
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7.21.2 Cyphastrea ocellina Dana, 18
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skeletal deposition is reduced unde
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7.22 Genus Euphyllia (Family Caryop
Page 467 and 468:
Bruckner and Hill, 2009) and eviden
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7.22.2 Euphyllia paraancora Veron,
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Threats Thermal stress: Euphyllia p
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7.22.3 Euphyllia paradivisa Veron,
Page 475 and 476:
Threats Thermal stress: Euphyllia s
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7.23 Genus Physogyra 7.23.1 Physogy
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al., 2007; Silverman et al., 2009).
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7.24 Genus Turbinaria (Family Dendr
Page 483 and 484:
Threats Thermal stress: Bleaching i
Page 485 and 486:
7.24.2 Turbinaria peltata (Esper, 1
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Acidification: A congener Turbinari
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7.24.3 Turbinaria reniformis Bernar
Page 491 and 492:
Threats Thermal stress: Bleaching i
Page 493 and 494:
7.24.4 Turbinaria stellulata Lamarc
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
8. SYNTHESIS OF RISK ASSESSMENTS: T
Page 499 and 500:
459
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Figure 8.2. Number of coral species
Page 503 and 504:
Albright, R., Mason B., and Langdon
Page 505 and 506:
Baggett, L. S., and Bright T. J. 19
Page 507 and 508:
Bellwood, D., Hoey A., and Choat J.
Page 509 and 510:
Brodie, J., Fabricius K., De'ath G.
Page 511 and 512:
Carilli, J. E., Norris R. D., Black
Page 513 and 514:
Coffroth, M. A. 1985. Mucus sheet f
Page 515 and 516:
Cox, E. F. 1986. The effects of a s
Page 517 and 518:
DESA, U. N. 2001. World Population
Page 519 and 520:
Eakin, C. M., Feingold J. S., and G
Page 521 and 522:
Feingold, J. S. 1996. Coral survivo
Page 523 and 524:
Gardella, D. J., and Edmunds P. J.
Page 525 and 526:
Glynn, P. W., Colley S. B., Ting J.
Page 527 and 528:
Grover, R., Maguer J., Allemand D.,
Page 529 and 530:
Hawkins, J. P., and Roberts C. M. 1
Page 531 and 532:
Hubbard, D. K. 1992. Hurricane-indu
Page 533 and 534:
Isdale, P. J., Stewart B. J., Tickl
Page 535 and 536:
Kennedy, C. J., Gassman N. J., and
Page 537 and 538:
Lafferty, K. D., Porter J. W., and
Page 539 and 540:
Lindahl, U. 2003. Coral reef rehabi
Page 541 and 542:
Maragos, J. E. 1993. Impact of coas
Page 543 and 544:
McCormick, M. I. 2003. Consumption
Page 545 and 546:
Morse, D. E., Morse A. N. C., Raimo
Page 547 and 548:
Nugues, M., Delvoye L., and Bak R.
Page 549 and 550:
Petit, J. R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D.
Page 551 and 552:
Randall, C. J., and Szmant A. M. 20
Page 553 and 554:
Riegl, B. 1996. Hermatypic coral fa
Page 555 and 556:
Rotjan, R. 2007. The patterns, caus
Page 557 and 558:
Siddall, M., Rohling E. J., Almogi-
Page 559 and 560:
Streamer, M. 1980. Urea and arginin
Page 561 and 562:
Titlyanov, E. A., and Latypov Y. Y.
Page 563 and 564:
Venn, A. A., Quinn J., Jones R., an
Page 565 and 566:
Ward, S. 1992. Evidence for broadca
Page 567 and 568:
Williams, I.D., Walsh W., Schroeder
Page 569 and 570:
Yost, D. M., Jones R. J., and Mitch
Page 571 and 572:
Errata Erroneous references: IPCC.
Page 573 and 574:
APPENDIX: Millepora boschmai (De We
Page 575 and 576:
According to de Weerdt and Glynn (1
Page 577 and 578:
The overall likelihood that Millepo
Page 579 and 580:
Glynn, P. W., J. L. Mate, A. C. Bak
Page 581:
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