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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many subject matter experts graciously offered their time and expertise when called upon by the Biological Review Team (BRT), particularly early in the process of initiating this status review of the 82 candidate coral species. While the technical input from each of the subject matter experts is greatly appreciated, some deserve particular recognition. Jean Kenyon (formerly with the University of Hawaiì Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research-NOAA Coral Reef Ecosystem Division and currently with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS], Honolulu, Hawaiì) researched and prepared presentations about the process used to arrive at the list of petitioned species, and did extensive research into the distribution records of the Pacific coral species. Zac Forsman provided informative and timely updates on developments in the field of molecular systematics of corals. Charles Veron and Mary Stafford-Smith graciously gave permission for use of the photos from Coral ID, a CD set available from the Australian Institute of Marine Science that was very helpful as a centralized source of relevant information about the 82 candidate coral species. Subject matter experts who gave presentations at workshops, or participated in phone consultations, in which they shared their expertise with the BRT include the following in alphabetical order: Marlin Atkinson, University of Hawaiì (UH) Hawaiì Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB), Kāneòhe, Hawaiì Eric Brown, National Park Service, Molokai, Hawaiì Steve Coles, Hawaiì Biological Survey, Honolulu, Hawaiì Dick Feely, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Douglas Fenner, Dept. Marine & Wildlife Resources, American Samoa Mike Field, U.S. Geological Survey, Santa Cruz, California Zac Forsman, UH HIMB, Kāneòhe, Hawaiì Ronald Hoeke, UH Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [JIMAR]-NOAA Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED), Honolulu, Hawaiì Paul Jokiel, UH HIMB, Kāneòhe, Hawaiì Jean Kenyon, UH JIMAR-CRED, USFWS, Honolulu, Hawaiì Chris Langdon, University of Miami, Miami, Florida Lynn Maguire, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Jim Maragos, USFWS, Honolulu, Hawaiì Richard H. Randall, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam Bernardo Vargas-Ángel, UH JIMAR-CRED, Honolulu, Hawaiì Three reviewers from the Center for Independent Experts provided very thorough independent external peer reviews and comments that greatly improved the manuscript: Terry Hughes, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia John McManus, Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida Bernhard Riegl, Nova Southeastern University, Florida The BRT acknowledges the exceptional assistance of Mariska Weijerman (UH JIMAR-CRED) and Matt Dunlap (UH JIMAR-CRED) with coordinating weekly meetings by phone, video, and web meetings, 3 in-person week-long workshops in Honolulu and Seattle, meeting notes, NOAA Wiki administration, preparation of drafts of coral individual species accounts (ISA’s), voting tabulation, document preparation, formatting, and editing. Mariska Weijerman performed much of the email coordinating, cheerleading, and occasional gentle reprimanding necessary to get such a large document to the finish line. Mariska also managed the Endnote library and the cross-country sharing of what grew to be 2000+ citations. Matt Dunlap and Chelsey Lahiff (Pacific Islands Regional Office [PIRO]) tracked down and consolidated all available PDF files for these citations. Megan Moews and Joyce Miller (UH JIMAR-CRED) attended weekly Corals BRT meetings and provided input learned from their participation as Endangered Species Act coordinators in prior and simultaneous Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) status review processes (false killer whale and bumphead parrotfish). Amanda Toperoff (UH JIMAR-CRED) prepared and presented a standard operating procedure guide to the BRT for document-sharing on the NOAA Wiki site, and prepared numerous graphs and figures that greatly enhanced the look of the final document, including ISA voting result figures, coral life history diagrams, and the front cover. Rodney Withall (UH JIMAR-CRED) coordinated BRT meetings and took meeting notes iii
Page 1 and 2: NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐PI
Page 3: Pacific Islands Fisheries Science C
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..........
Page 9 and 10: 5.5 Assessing the Critical Risk Thr
Page 11 and 12: 7.11 Genus Porites ................
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure ES-1. Exampl
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3.3.6. The impacts of diseas
Page 17 and 18: Figure 6.5.3. Distribution of point
Page 19 and 20: Figure 7.5.10. Distribution of poin
Page 23 and 24: Figure 7.6.8. Distribution of point
Page 25 and 26: Figure 7.9.28. Montipora verrilli d
Page 27 and 28: Figure 7.13.7. Leptoseris yabei dis
Page 29 and 30: Figure 7.18.12. Distribution of poi
Page 33 and 34: ACRONYMS AAAS AGGRA AIMS AR4 BRT CA
Page 35 and 36: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On October 20, 20
Page 37 and 38: Figure ES-2. Summary of votes talli
Page 39 and 40: xxxvii
Page 41 and 42: 1. INTRODUCTION On October 20, 2009
Page 43 and 44: The NMFS must base its determinatio
Page 45 and 46: 2. GENERAL BACKGROUND ON CORALS AND
Page 47 and 48: as some of the Hawaiian Montipora a
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.2.1. Diversity of coral li
Page 51 and 52: on zooplankton can reduce the uptak
Page 53 and 54: provide net economic benefits of $3
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In some locations, such as Hawaiì,
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Table 2.5.1. Summary of regional co
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3. THREATS TO CORAL SPECIES 3.1 Hum
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Figure 3.1.1. World population from
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2,500 People per km 2 Reef Area 2,0
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3.2 Global Climate Change and Large
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1980), more recent work indicates t
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forces put into place by anthropoge
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3.2.2.1 Coral bleaching High temper
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Figure 3.2.7. Global map of reef ar
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Figure 3.2.8. Predicted phytoplankt
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The dynamics of carbonate chemistry
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Figure 3.2.14. (Top and middle rows
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other branching corals (Langdon and
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Species Lophelia pertusa (cold wate
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3.2.3.2. Increased erosion Another
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as sea-level rise proceeds. Greater
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Figure 3.2.19. The impacts of chang
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ecosystems (Garrison et al., 2003).
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chemicals such as pesticides. Eleva
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Figure 3.3.1. The impacts of sedime
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1999; Thacker et al., 2001) because
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Other demonstrated sublethal effect
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3.3.1.4 Salinity impacts Many coral
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Some evidence show that seawater sa
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Figure 3.3.6. The impacts of diseas
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Figure 3.3.7. The impacts of predat
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Important synergies of corallivory
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facilitates coral recruitment), and
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The recent Reefs at Risk Revisited
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eplenish themselves from distant po
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eview, the BRT considers tsunami an
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Figure 3.3.12. Global analysis of r
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Auàu Channel is a thermocline, a d
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A very recent independent global an
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Unapparent effects are another comp
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4. DEMOGRAPHIC AND SPATIAL FACTORS
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the same environmental threats (e.g
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in identifying species in the field
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4.5.1 Critical Risk Threshold and d
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Figure 4.5.2. Number of successful
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(Rasher and Hay, 2010) and can redu
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5. METHODS 5.1 Overview In evaluati
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5.6 BRT Voting To estimate the like
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In establishing the approaches used
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Figure 6.1.2. Agaricia lamarcki dis
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Acidification: No specific research
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6.2 Genus Mycetophyllia (Family Mus
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Mycetophyllia ferox cover to be con
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6.3 Genus Dendrogyra (Family Meandr
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Depth range: Dendrogyra cylindrus h
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Risk Assessment Figure 6.3.5. Distr
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Evolutionary and geologic history:
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Disease: Dichocoenia stokesi has be
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6.5 Genus Montastraea (Family Favii
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Figure 6.5. Examples of declining a
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genetic variability in the molecula
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6.5.1 Montastraea faveolata Ellis a
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Figure 6.5.5. Montastraea franksi d
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6.5.3 Montastraea annularis Ellis a
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Risk Assessment Figure 6.5.10. Dist
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Figure 7.1.2. Millepora foveolata d
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Family: Milleporidae. Evolutionary
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Land-based sources of pollution (LB
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7.2 Genus Heliopora (Class Anthozoa
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Within federally protected waters,
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7.3 Genus Pocillopora (Class Anthoz
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Acidification: One recent study (Ma
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Figure 7.3.2. Pocillopora danae dis
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Predation: Pocillopora species are
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7.3.2 Pocillopora elegans Dana, 186
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Within federally protected waters,
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Risk Assessment The nominal candida
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Central and Indo-Pacific Pocillopor
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Figure 7.4.3. Seriatopora aculeata
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Life History Acropora are sessile c
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drop out (Randall and Birkeland, 19
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Island in the southeastern Pacific
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Figure 7.5.8. Acropora acuminata di
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Taxonomy Taxonomic issues: None. Fa
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Although range expansion was not di
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7.5.4 Acropora dendrum Bassett-Smit
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Life History Acropora dendrum is a
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7.5.5 Acropora donei Veron and Wall
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7.5.6 Acropora globiceps Dana, 1846
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Life History Acropora globiceps is
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7.5.7 Acropora horrida Dana 1846 Fi
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Life History Acropora horrida is a
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7.5.8 Acropora jacquelineae Wallace
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Abundance Abundance of Acropora hor
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7.5.9 Acropora listeri Brook, 1893
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Life History Acropora listeri is a
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7.5.10 Acropora lokani Wallace, 199
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Life History Acropora lokani is ass
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7.5.11 Acropora microclados Ehrenbe
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Threats For each of these possible
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7.5.12 Acropora palmerae Wells, 195
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Life History Acropora palmerae is a
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7.5.13 Acropora paniculata Verrill,
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Abundance Abundance of Acropora pan
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7.5.14 Acropora pharaonis Milne Edw
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Abundance Abundance of Acropora pha
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7.5.15 Acropora polystoma Brook, 18
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7.5.16. Acropora retusa Dana, 1846
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7.5.16 Acropora rudis Rehberg, 1892
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et al., 2009). While ocean acidific
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7.5.17 Acropora speciosa Quelch, 18
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7.5.18 Acropora striata Verrill, 18
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7.5.19 Acropora tenella Brook, 1892
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Disease: In general, Acropora speci
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7.5.20 Acropora vaughani Wells, 195
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7.5.21 Acropora verweyi Veron and W
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A search of published and unpublish
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Factors that increase the potential
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Figure 7.6.3. Anacropora puertogale
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Risk assessment Figure 7.6.4. Distr
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Figure 7.6.7. Anacropora spinosa di
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Figure 7.7.3. Astreopora cucullata
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Page 319 and 320:
Isopora has recently been considere
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Page 323 and 324:
7.8.2 Isopora cuneata Dana, 1846 Fi
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U.S. Distribution According to both
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Page 329 and 330:
Life History Of the 35 species of M
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Figure 7.9.3. Montipora angulata di
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Page 335 and 336:
Figure 7.9.7. Montipora australiens
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Page 339 and 340:
Global Distribution Global distribu
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Page 343 and 344:
Figure 7.9.15. Montipora caliculata
Page 345 and 346:
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Taxonomy Taxonomic issues: Importan
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7.9.6 Montipora lobulata Bernard, 1
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(Albright et al., 2010) and is like
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7.9.7 Montipora patula (/verrili) B
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Threats Thermal stress: Montipora s
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7.10 Genus Alveopora (Family Poriti
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Life History Reproductive character
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7.10.2 Alveopora fenestrata Lamarck
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Threats Temperature stress: The gen
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7.10.3 Alveopora verrilliana Dana,
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Life History Alveopora verrilliana
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7.11 Genus Porites 7.11.1 Porites h
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Threats Temperature stress: Massive
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7.11.2 Porites napopora Veron, 2000
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Habitat Habitat: Porites napopora h
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7.11.3 Porites nigrescens Dana, 184
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of all other Porites species studie
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7.11.4 Porites pukoensis Vaughan, 1
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Life History The reproductive chara
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Risk Assessment of Porites clade 1
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7.12 Genus Psammocora (Family Sider
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Abundance Abundance of Psammocora s
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7.13 Genus Leptoseris (Family Agari
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
7.13.2 Leptoseris yabei Pillai and
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7.14 Genus Pachyseris 7.14.1 Pachys
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ased on elevated temperatures and l
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7.15 Genus Pavona 7.15.1 Pavona bip
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Threats Temperature stress: Pavona
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7.15.2 Pavona cactus Forskål, 1775
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Life History Pavona cactus is a gon
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7.15.3 Pavona decussata Dana, 1846
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7.15.4 Pavona diffluens Lamarck, 18
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Threats Temperature stress: Pavona
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7.15.5 Pavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 18
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7.16 Genus Galaxea (Family Oculinid
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Abundance Galaxea astreata can be a
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7.17 Genus Pectinia (Family Pectini
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Acidification: Pectinia alcicornis
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7.18 Genus Acanthastrea (Family Mus
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Abundance Abundance of Acanthastrea
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7.18.2 Acanthastrea hemprichii Ehre
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7.18.3 Acanthastrea ishigakiensis V
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7.18.4 Acanthastrea regularis Veron
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Although specific larval descriptio
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7.19 Genus Barabattoia (Family Favi
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Threats Temperature stress: Unknown
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7.20 Genus Caulastrea 7.20.1 Caulas
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Threats Thermal stress: Unknown, bu
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7.21 Genus Cyphastrea 7.21.1 Cyphas
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Threats Thermal stress: The genus C
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7.21.2 Cyphastrea ocellina Dana, 18
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skeletal deposition is reduced unde
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7.22 Genus Euphyllia (Family Caryop
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Bruckner and Hill, 2009) and eviden
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7.22.2 Euphyllia paraancora Veron,
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Threats Thermal stress: Euphyllia p
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7.22.3 Euphyllia paradivisa Veron,
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Threats Thermal stress: Euphyllia s
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7.23 Genus Physogyra 7.23.1 Physogy
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al., 2007; Silverman et al., 2009).
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7.24 Genus Turbinaria (Family Dendr
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Threats Thermal stress: Bleaching i
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7.24.2 Turbinaria peltata (Esper, 1
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Acidification: A congener Turbinari
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7.24.3 Turbinaria reniformis Bernar
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Threats Thermal stress: Bleaching i
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7.24.4 Turbinaria stellulata Lamarc
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8. SYNTHESIS OF RISK ASSESSMENTS: T
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459
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Figure 8.2. Number of coral species
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Albright, R., Mason B., and Langdon
Page 505 and 506:
Baggett, L. S., and Bright T. J. 19
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Bellwood, D., Hoey A., and Choat J.
Page 509 and 510:
Brodie, J., Fabricius K., De'ath G.
Page 511 and 512:
Carilli, J. E., Norris R. D., Black
Page 513 and 514:
Coffroth, M. A. 1985. Mucus sheet f
Page 515 and 516:
Cox, E. F. 1986. The effects of a s
Page 517 and 518:
DESA, U. N. 2001. World Population
Page 519 and 520:
Eakin, C. M., Feingold J. S., and G
Page 521 and 522:
Feingold, J. S. 1996. Coral survivo
Page 523 and 524:
Gardella, D. J., and Edmunds P. J.
Page 525 and 526:
Glynn, P. W., Colley S. B., Ting J.
Page 527 and 528:
Grover, R., Maguer J., Allemand D.,
Page 529 and 530:
Hawkins, J. P., and Roberts C. M. 1
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Hubbard, D. K. 1992. Hurricane-indu
Page 533 and 534:
Isdale, P. J., Stewart B. J., Tickl
Page 535 and 536:
Kennedy, C. J., Gassman N. J., and
Page 537 and 538:
Lafferty, K. D., Porter J. W., and
Page 539 and 540:
Lindahl, U. 2003. Coral reef rehabi
Page 541 and 542:
Maragos, J. E. 1993. Impact of coas
Page 543 and 544:
McCormick, M. I. 2003. Consumption
Page 545 and 546:
Morse, D. E., Morse A. N. C., Raimo
Page 547 and 548:
Nugues, M., Delvoye L., and Bak R.
Page 549 and 550:
Petit, J. R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D.
Page 551 and 552:
Randall, C. J., and Szmant A. M. 20
Page 553 and 554:
Riegl, B. 1996. Hermatypic coral fa
Page 555 and 556:
Rotjan, R. 2007. The patterns, caus
Page 557 and 558:
Siddall, M., Rohling E. J., Almogi-
Page 559 and 560:
Streamer, M. 1980. Urea and arginin
Page 561 and 562:
Titlyanov, E. A., and Latypov Y. Y.
Page 563 and 564:
Venn, A. A., Quinn J., Jones R., an
Page 565 and 566:
Ward, S. 1992. Evidence for broadca
Page 567 and 568:
Williams, I.D., Walsh W., Schroeder
Page 569 and 570:
Yost, D. M., Jones R. J., and Mitch
Page 571 and 572:
Errata Erroneous references: IPCC.
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APPENDIX: Millepora boschmai (De We
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According to de Weerdt and Glynn (1
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The overall likelihood that Millepo
Page 579 and 580:
Glynn, P. W., J. L. Mate, A. C. Bak
Page 581:
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