Book 2 | Planning and Management - WSUD

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Water Sensitive Urban Design (a) Western Sydney 100% 90% Total suspended solids 80% Pollutant load reduction (%) 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Total phosphorus removal (target = 65%) Total nitrogen removal (target = 45%) 20% 10% 0% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Swale length (m) per hectare catchment area Impervious fraction: 40% 60% 80% 100% (b) Eastern Sydney 100% 90% Total suspended solids 80% Pollutant load reduction (%) 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Total phosphorus removal (target = 65%) Total nitrogen removal (target = 45%) 20% Impervious fraction: 40% 60% 10% 80% 100% 0% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Swale length (m) per hectare catchment area Figure 8 - Swale sizing curves 20 Book 2 | planning and management
Water Sensitive Urban Design While wetlands can play an important role in stormwater treatment, they can also have significant community benefits. 3.3 Wetlands Constructed wetland systems remove pollutants through sedimentation and absorption of nutrients and other associated contaminants. They generally consist of an inlet zone (a sediment basin to remove coarse sediments), a macrophyte zone (a shallow heavily vegetated area to remove fine particulates and take up soluble pollutants) and a high flow bypass channel (to protect the macrophyte zone). While wetlands can play an important role in stormwater treatment, they can also have significant community benefits. They provide habitat for wildlife and a focus for recreation, such as walking paths and resting areas. They can also improve the aesthetics of new developments and can be a central landscape feature. Wetlands can be constructed on many scales, from small scales, house block scale to large regional systems. In highly urban areas they can have a hard edge form and be part of a streetscape or building forecourts. In regional settings they can be over 10 hectares in size and provide significant habitat for wildlife. 3.3.1 Macrophyte zone An important operating characteristic of macrophyte zones is well distributed flows that pass through various bands of vegetation. Strong vegetation growth is required to perform the filtration process as well as withstand flows through the system. Different bands of a wetland are shown in Figure 9. Different zones in a macrophyte system perform different functions. Ephemeral areas are often used as organic matter traps. These areas wet and dry regularly and thus enhance the breakdown process of organic vegetation. Marsh areas promote epiphyte (biofilms) growth and filtration of runoff. Epiphytes use the plants as substrate and can effectively promote adhesion of fine colloidal particulates to wetland vegetation and uptake of nutrients. Generally, there are areas of open water surrounding the outlet of wetlands. These can increase UV disinfection and provide habitat for fish and other aquatic species. Optimal detention times in the wetland (typically designed for 72 hours) ensure desired performance. The macrophyte zone outlet must be sized accordingly. Multiple level orifice riser outlets are considered to give the most uniform detention times for wetlands. Figure 9 - Indicative long section for a wetland. Book 2 | planning and management 21
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Book 2 | Planning and Management - WSUD

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