PHONETICS MANUAL.indd - HumBox

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The symbol is referred to as “small capital i”. For languages like English and German which need [I] as well as [i], the latter can be referred to as “lower-case i” when clarity is required. [U] Read “upsilon”. It’s the mirror-image of [I] in the opposite corner of the vowel chart, being further forward and lower than back [u], which itself is slightly further forward and lower than Cardinal No. 8. Full [U] and fool [u] illustrate the difference in English; Fluß [U] and Fuß [u] in German. Fig. 20 u (8) U o (7) Germanists should note a further symbol! English has two high vowels [i] and [u], each with a more central equivalent [I] and [U], as you’ve just seen. But German has three high vowels [i], [u] and [y], and, symmetrically enough, each of the three has a “centralized” equivalent [I], [U] AND [Y]. This last vowel (read “small capital y”) is found in many common words (fünf, müssen) and sometimes serves to distinguish pairs, e.g. hüte, with [y], and Hütte, with [Y]. Standard French, on the other hand, which lacks [I] and [U], also — not surprisingly — lacks [Y]. (But the latter, like [I] and [U], is used in Canada and Belgium.) [¡] This is sometimes used for the vowel of on, hot, lost (read “reversed italic a”). It’s actually the symbol for Cardinal 13. The English vowel in question is located between this and Cardinal 6 [O], so some transcribers prefer to use [O] for on, hot, lost, etc. [O:] [ˆ] This is Cardinal 6 with a length-mark (see 3.08) and the normal way of representing the vowel of horse, caught, lawn: [hO:s], [kO:t], [lO:n]. “Turned v” is actually the symbol for Cardinal 14 (one of the back unrounded vowels you were told not to worry about in 3.05). The RP vowel found in words like up, butter, come is close enough to this for [u] to be used to represent it in transcriptions of English. Note it carefully: it’s a very common sound in RP, where put, with [U], is not at all the same thing as the golfing term putt, with [ˆ]. These symbols are in general use for transcribing English. Less widely adopted is [ ] (“reversed open e”), which some phoneticians use for the vowel in her, girl, first, E 30 Vowels
etc. But this sound is really just a long schwa, so it’s OK to represent it as [@:] and economize on a symbol (see 3.08 for the length-mark :). Exercises 31. Can you remember? a. what the standard British accent is called? b. the term used for composite symbols like [æ] or [œ]? c. the names of the symbols [i],[u] and [ ]? d. the characteristic general difference between Southern British vowels and those of standard French, German or Spanish? E 32. Southern pronunciation is the basis for the British standard because: a. London is the capital of the UK b. It is a more attractive way of pronouncing words c. Southern vowels are less like the vowels of continental languages d. It is an easier, more natural way of speaking. 33. Say what IPA symbols would best represent the vowels underlined in the following words: hand, car, alphabet, foot, butter, further, roar, swan, wish, monkey, some, cough, enough, yawn, pull, knowledge. 34. The following are all identical in pronunciation: hallo, hello, hullo. What’s the transcription? 35. Here are some common English words in IPA transcription. Rewrite them in ordinary spelling and/or read them out. Make sure you are clear why the symbols are used in the way they are. [lif] [lIv] [bˆt] [bæt] [but] [lUk] [kOd] [kO:d] [gUd] [kˆntrI] [sEk@nd] [stˆm@k] [EksEpt] [bUz@m] [hæbIt]. 36. The pronunciation of the vowels in the following words differs from RP in the localities indicated. Insert the vowel symbol appropriate to the local pronunciation. Vowels 31
Page 1 and 2: Introduction to Phonetics for Stude
Page 3: CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 1.01 Wha
Page 6 and 7: You will be introduced to the IPA a
Page 8 and 9: the vocal tract [2] 2.01 Speaking a
Page 10 and 11: A third possibility is shown in Fig
Page 12 and 13: to be produced by positioning the _
Page 14 and 15: . THE UPPER FRONT TEETH. These are
Page 16 and 17: In some languages, the rear wall of
Page 18 and 19: Vowels [3] The story so far: Speech
Page 20 and 21: Having seen these diagrams, you sho
Page 22 and 23: 13. Again without looking at the te
Page 24 and 25: So in between the highest and lowes
Page 26 and 27: c. The cardinal vowel chart is impo
Page 28 and 29: 22. Characterize the following vowe
Page 30 and 31: As Spanish and Italian don’t have
Page 32 and 33: 27. Which of the following language
Page 36 and 37: A foot (Scotland) [ ], fast (N. Eng
Page 38 and 39: that learners of English as a forei
Page 40 and 41: Changing the height, fronting, or r
Page 42 and 43: ise. Some people, quite wrongly, st
Page 44 and 45: consonants [4] The story so far: Vo
Page 46 and 47: There’s a slight but significant
Page 48 and 49: The answer is that different kinds
Page 50 and 51: It follows from the difference betw
Page 52 and 53: (4) lower lip + upper teeth (5) fro
Page 54 and 55: [h] (read as “aitch” — it’s
Page 56 and 57: 66. With reference to as many as po
Page 58 and 59: [tS] and [dZ] are the two commonest
Page 60 and 61: Fig. 35 [m] [p, b] If the oral clos
Page 62 and 63: (1) the velum is raised (as it is f
Page 64 and 65: Germany. And it’s found in many r
Page 66 and 67: To resume the complexities of r: En
Page 68 and 69: phonetic transcription and general
Page 70 and 71: differences which do have an effect
Page 72 and 73: 5.03 Transcribing French, German an
Page 74 and 75: la peninsula ibeica: baiedad kuja g
Page 76 and 77: h. Affricates are an intermediate c
Page 78 and 79: (c) the tip of the tongue, closing
Page 80 and 81: 24. foule, lune, bouder, fumer, vou
Page 82 and 83: 45. good (shorter), food (longer) c
Page 84 and 85:
65. Uvula is a noun; uvular is an a
Page 86 and 87:
86. The r and l sounds. 87. Places:
Page 88 and 89:
German: (1) The aspiration of voice
Page 90:
further reading [7] The following t
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