PHONETICS MANUAL.indd - HumBox

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(4) lower lip + upper teeth (5) front of tongue + hard palate (6) tip of tongue + back of upper front teeth. Use the appropriate technical terms, making sure that you insert them in the right squares and arrange them in the correct order. b. Insert the two manners of articulation studied so far: (1) with complete closure, (2) with partial closure. c. Insert the sounds represented by the following IPA symbols: [x] [z] [S] [¬] [γ] [t] [g]. 57. The consonants in each of the following pairs are alike in some respects, but different in others. Specify the resemblances and differences. Example: [p] and [b]. Both are bilabial. Both are stops. [p] is voiceless, [b] is voiced. [z] and [d] [s] and [d] [t] and [k] [v] and [g] [b] and [¬] [v] and [¬] [b] and [v] [s] and [S] 58. Though the voiceless velar fricative [x] doesn’t occur in RP (or most other varieties of English) it is a feature of Scots English and Liverpool English, and occurs in some Irish place and personal names. Think of examples of words containing it. 48 Consonants
59. If the IPA symbol [x] represents a velar fricative (unknown in most varieties of English), how would a word containing x in the spelling be transcribed? Extra, for instance. (Think carefully about what this letter corresponds to in the pronunciation.) 60. Non-technical books sometimes try to describe Spanish [¬] by talking about “a cross between b and v”. What are they getting at? 61. Rewrite in ordinary (English) spelling: [lA:fs] [kl@UDz] [hi:Dnz] [peISns] [@UT] [w@:Tl@s] [Tˆm] [f{Sen] [kl@UZe] [lˆS@s] [beIZ] [ju:ZU@l] [S@rA:d] [lˆkS@rI]. 62. Transcribe, using IPA symbols: cake, bouquet, bagpipes, oaths, gnaw, sash, pleasure, Asia, breath, breathe, photo, physics, warmth, theatre, though. 4.06 More Places: Palatal, Uvular, Pharyngeal, Glottal So far six places of articulation have been introduced, from bilabial to velar. In actual fact, a constriction giving rise to a consonant can be made at any point along the vocal tract by bringing two “articulators” into contact. The tongue in particular being highly mobile, different parts of it can close against different parts of the roof of the mouth, giving a range of subtly varied consonants, all of which occur in some language or another. However, the IPA contents itself with ten places of articulation, so here is the chart again with the remaining four added (underlined). Finer intergradations can be indicated if required by use of pre- (“in front of”) or post- (pre-velar, post-palatal, etc.) FIG. 33 bilabial dental alveolar palatal velar uvular labiodental postalveolar pharyngeal glottal STOP ? FRICA- TIVE C h Most of these additional places of articulation are relevant to at least one of the wellknown European languages, and you should note the existence of the others. So a few further symbols have been inserted. Here is some information about the sounds that they represent. Consonants 49
Page 1 and 2: Introduction to Phonetics for Stude
Page 3: CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 1.01 Wha
Page 6 and 7: You will be introduced to the IPA a
Page 8 and 9: the vocal tract [2] 2.01 Speaking a
Page 10 and 11: A third possibility is shown in Fig
Page 12 and 13: to be produced by positioning the _
Page 14 and 15: . THE UPPER FRONT TEETH. These are
Page 16 and 17: In some languages, the rear wall of
Page 18 and 19: Vowels [3] The story so far: Speech
Page 20 and 21: Having seen these diagrams, you sho
Page 22 and 23: 13. Again without looking at the te
Page 24 and 25: So in between the highest and lowes
Page 26 and 27: c. The cardinal vowel chart is impo
Page 28 and 29: 22. Characterize the following vowe
Page 30 and 31: As Spanish and Italian don’t have
Page 32 and 33: 27. Which of the following language
Page 34 and 35: The symbol is referred to as “sma
Page 36 and 37: A foot (Scotland) [ ], fast (N. Eng
Page 38 and 39: that learners of English as a forei
Page 40 and 41: Changing the height, fronting, or r
Page 42 and 43: ise. Some people, quite wrongly, st
Page 44 and 45: consonants [4] The story so far: Vo
Page 46 and 47: There’s a slight but significant
Page 48 and 49: The answer is that different kinds
Page 50 and 51: It follows from the difference betw
Page 54 and 55: [h] (read as “aitch” — it’s
Page 56 and 57: 66. With reference to as many as po
Page 58 and 59: [tS] and [dZ] are the two commonest
Page 60 and 61: Fig. 35 [m] [p, b] If the oral clos
Page 62 and 63: (1) the velum is raised (as it is f
Page 64 and 65: Germany. And it’s found in many r
Page 66 and 67: To resume the complexities of r: En
Page 68 and 69: phonetic transcription and general
Page 70 and 71: differences which do have an effect
Page 72 and 73: 5.03 Transcribing French, German an
Page 74 and 75: la peninsula ibeica: baiedad kuja g
Page 76 and 77: h. Affricates are an intermediate c
Page 78 and 79: (c) the tip of the tongue, closing
Page 80 and 81: 24. foule, lune, bouder, fumer, vou
Page 82 and 83: 45. good (shorter), food (longer) c
Page 84 and 85: 65. Uvula is a noun; uvular is an a
Page 86 and 87: 86. The r and l sounds. 87. Places:
Page 88 and 89: German: (1) The aspiration of voice
Page 90: further reading [7] The following t

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