PHONETICS MANUAL.indd - HumBox

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Fig. 35 [m] [p, b] If the oral closure is alveolar instead of bilabial, [n] is the result. (The slightly different shape of the oral cavity gives rise to a slightly different sound wave). As you might expect, the [n] of French, Spanish or Italian — like the corresponding stops — is dental not alveolar: [n]. 9 Also to be noted is the velar nasal, which is of frequent occurrence in English (ng in the spelling, e.g. singer, singing). This has the same place of articulation as [k] and [g], but the same manner of articulation as [m] and [n], specified above. The IPA uses the symbol [Œ] for this sound: [sIŒ@], [sIŒIŒ]. Its official name is “eng”. At least that’s the RP pronunciation of singer, singing. Many speakers in the UK always have a [g] after their [Œ] and therefore pronounce these words [sIŒg@], [sIŒgIŒg]. In RP the [g] is present only in the pronunciation of some words: finger for example [fIŒg@] (where er is not a suffix). Fig. 36 shows the resemblance between [Œ] and [k] — and the crucial difference: the lowered velum in the case of [Œ]. Fig. 36 [Œ] [k] Here is the nasal row of the consonant chart, with an impressive array of symbols included. The palatal nasal m (“left-tail N”) occurs in French (signe) and Spanish (señor). Note that a few languages outside Europe even make use of a uvular nasal. Fig. 37 bilabial dental alveolar palatal velar uvular labiodental postalveolar pharyngeal glottal m Õ n n Æ Œ N 9 56 Consonants
Voiceless nasals are also a possibility. French has a voiceless [m] in a few words like rythme, where it follows a voiceless [t]. As there’s little point in devising a special symbol for such a relatively rare sound, the IPA uses a diacritic (see 3.08) and simply puts a small circle under the ordinary symbol: [m] 8 or [n]. 8 (A subscript circle always signifies “voiceless”, whatever consonant it’s placed under.) Exercises 76. As well as being common in English, [Œ] occurs in French (but only in a rather special category of words), in Spanish (though in Spanish it’s not separately represented in the spelling) and in German. Give examples of words with [Œ] from at least one of these languages. 77. Those very old-fashioned RP speakers who go “huntin’, shootin’ and fishin’” are accused of “dropping their g’s”. Why is this an odd way of describing their pronunciation (from a phonetic point of view at least)? How might it be improved on? 78. The above chart includes a symbol for a labio-dental nasal. This sound actually occurs in English — though it’s not recognized separately in the spelling. Which of the following contains a labio-dental nasal, and why? impossible, invalid, inglorious, indiscrete. 79. How, in rapid speech, is the letter n pronounced in: (a) ten people, (b) unclear, (c) unveil? 80. Rewrite in ordinary (English) spelling: [tˆŒ] [l¡ŒIŒ] [k{Œg@ru:] [{Œk@] [tSuŒk] [streŒkT] [{ŒkS@s] 81. Transcribe, using IPA symbols: language, nightingale, anger, anxiety, hung, anything, dinghy. 4.10 Laterals (the l sounds). This chapter and the one that follows are particularly important for modern linguists, since they include many of the most conspicuous consonant differences between English, French, German and Spanish. For an l in any language (e.g. the one at the beginning of like), the following conditions usually have to be met. Check them by saying the [l] of [laik] as you read through this. Consonants 57
Page 1 and 2:
Introduction to Phonetics for Stude
Page 3:
CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 1.01 Wha
Page 6 and 7:
You will be introduced to the IPA a
Page 8 and 9:
the vocal tract [2] 2.01 Speaking a
Page 10 and 11: A third possibility is shown in Fig
Page 12 and 13: to be produced by positioning the _
Page 14 and 15: . THE UPPER FRONT TEETH. These are
Page 16 and 17: In some languages, the rear wall of
Page 18 and 19: Vowels [3] The story so far: Speech
Page 20 and 21: Having seen these diagrams, you sho
Page 22 and 23: 13. Again without looking at the te
Page 24 and 25: So in between the highest and lowes
Page 26 and 27: c. The cardinal vowel chart is impo
Page 28 and 29: 22. Characterize the following vowe
Page 30 and 31: As Spanish and Italian don’t have
Page 32 and 33: 27. Which of the following language
Page 34 and 35: The symbol is referred to as “sma
Page 36 and 37: A foot (Scotland) [ ], fast (N. Eng
Page 38 and 39: that learners of English as a forei
Page 40 and 41: Changing the height, fronting, or r
Page 42 and 43: ise. Some people, quite wrongly, st
Page 44 and 45: consonants [4] The story so far: Vo
Page 46 and 47: There’s a slight but significant
Page 48 and 49: The answer is that different kinds
Page 50 and 51: It follows from the difference betw
Page 52 and 53: (4) lower lip + upper teeth (5) fro
Page 54 and 55: [h] (read as “aitch” — it’s
Page 56 and 57: 66. With reference to as many as po
Page 58 and 59: [tS] and [dZ] are the two commonest
Page 62 and 63: (1) the velum is raised (as it is f
Page 64 and 65: Germany. And it’s found in many r
Page 66 and 67: To resume the complexities of r: En
Page 68 and 69: phonetic transcription and general
Page 70 and 71: differences which do have an effect
Page 72 and 73: 5.03 Transcribing French, German an
Page 74 and 75: la peninsula ibeica: baiedad kuja g
Page 76 and 77: h. Affricates are an intermediate c
Page 78 and 79: (c) the tip of the tongue, closing
Page 80 and 81: 24. foule, lune, bouder, fumer, vou
Page 82 and 83: 45. good (shorter), food (longer) c
Page 84 and 85: 65. Uvula is a noun; uvular is an a
Page 86 and 87: 86. The r and l sounds. 87. Places:
Page 88 and 89: German: (1) The aspiration of voice
Page 90: further reading [7] The following t
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