PHONETICS MANUAL.indd - HumBox

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h. Affricates are an intermediate category between simple stops and a sequence of a stop and a fricative. j. Nasals have an articulatory similarity to stops by virtue of their oral closure, but in other respects they are similar to approximants. k. The r-sounds form a heterogenous group from the phonetic point of view, exhibiting a wide variety of manners and places of articulation. 72 Phonetic Transcription and General Revision
answers to exercises [6] Section 2 (The Vocal Tract) 1. The lungs supply the air for almost all speech sounds. Air passes from them into the bronchi, one from each of the two lungs, and these two airstreams merge in the trachea, a short tube situated in the lower part of the neck. On top of this is a valve known as the larynx. Here the supply of air to the throat and mouth is controlled by opening or closing the glottis — the gap between the two vocal folds. In ordinary quiet breathing the glottis is open; for swallowing it is closed in order to protect the lungs. A noteworthy evolutionary adaptation in humans allows voice to be produced by positioning the vocal folds in such a way that passage of air between them causes them to vibrate. 2. (a) [z] voiced; [T] voiceless; [b] voiced; [p] voiceless; [ð] voiced; [s] voiceless. (b) [f] voiceless; [v] voiced; [t] voiceless; [d] voiced; [k] voiceless; [g] voiced; [] voiceless. 3. pin (vl), bin (vd) fail (vl), veil (vd) toll (vl), dole (vd) gin (vd), chin (vl) zoo (vd), sue (vl) wreath (vl), wreathe (vd) either (vd), ether (vl) Aleutian (vl), allusion (vd) 4. zeal, racer, eyes, scares, angle, duck/tug, bigger/picker, lunch, juice/choose, joke, thy, confusion. 5. See Fig. 6. 6. (a) the velum: here it is pressed against the wall of the pharynx and is closing off the nasal cavity. The uvula “dangles down” below this point of closure. (b) the pharynx: the projection on the left is the epiglottis, an appendage at the top of the larynx, which rarely if ever has any function in speech. Answers to Exercises 73
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Introduction to Phonetics for Stude
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CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 1.01 Wha
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You will be introduced to the IPA a
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the vocal tract [2] 2.01 Speaking a
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A third possibility is shown in Fig
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to be produced by positioning the _
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. THE UPPER FRONT TEETH. These are
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In some languages, the rear wall of
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Vowels [3] The story so far: Speech
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Having seen these diagrams, you sho
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13. Again without looking at the te
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So in between the highest and lowes
Page 26 and 27: c. The cardinal vowel chart is impo
Page 28 and 29: 22. Characterize the following vowe
Page 30 and 31: As Spanish and Italian don’t have
Page 32 and 33: 27. Which of the following language
Page 34 and 35: The symbol is referred to as “sma
Page 36 and 37: A foot (Scotland) [ ], fast (N. Eng
Page 38 and 39: that learners of English as a forei
Page 40 and 41: Changing the height, fronting, or r
Page 42 and 43: ise. Some people, quite wrongly, st
Page 44 and 45: consonants [4] The story so far: Vo
Page 46 and 47: There’s a slight but significant
Page 48 and 49: The answer is that different kinds
Page 50 and 51: It follows from the difference betw
Page 52 and 53: (4) lower lip + upper teeth (5) fro
Page 54 and 55: [h] (read as “aitch” — it’s
Page 56 and 57: 66. With reference to as many as po
Page 58 and 59: [tS] and [dZ] are the two commonest
Page 60 and 61: Fig. 35 [m] [p, b] If the oral clos
Page 62 and 63: (1) the velum is raised (as it is f
Page 64 and 65: Germany. And it’s found in many r
Page 66 and 67: To resume the complexities of r: En
Page 68 and 69: phonetic transcription and general
Page 70 and 71: differences which do have an effect
Page 72 and 73: 5.03 Transcribing French, German an
Page 74 and 75: la peninsula ibeica: baiedad kuja g
Page 78 and 79: (c) the tip of the tongue, closing
Page 80 and 81: 24. foule, lune, bouder, fumer, vou
Page 82 and 83: 45. good (shorter), food (longer) c
Page 84 and 85: 65. Uvula is a noun; uvular is an a
Page 86 and 87: 86. The r and l sounds. 87. Places:
Page 88 and 89: German: (1) The aspiration of voice
Page 90: further reading [7] The following t
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