Computational Models of Music Similarity and their ... - OFAI

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4 1 Introduction are described, a demonstration is given, and limitations are discussed. The applications are: 1. Islands of Music A metaphor of geographic maps is used to visualize the structure of a music collection. Islands represent groups of similar pieces. Similar pieces are located close to each other on the map. A technique which allows the user to gradually shift the focus between different aspects of similarity is described. When the focus is shifted the islands are gradually rearranged according to the changing focus on similarity aspects. 2. Fuzzy Hierarchical Organization Music collections are hierarchically organized into overlapping groups. This is done at the artist level. That is, instead of pieces of music (as in the other applications) the smallest entity are artists. Each group of similar artists is summarized with words co-occurring on web pages containing the artists’ names. 3. Dynamic playlist generation The user interaction necessary to generate a playlist is minimized. Using the skip button, the users interactively teach the system their current listening preferences. An evaluation using hypothetical usage scenarios shows that the suggested heuristic drastically reduces the number of necessary skips. 1.1.1 Contributions of this Doctoral Thesis The contributions can be divided into two categories. The contributions described in Chapter 2 deal with (mainly audio-based) music similarity measures. The contributions in Chapter 3 deal with the application of similarity measures. Most of the work was carried out in close collaboration with a number of coauthors. Similarity Measures ◦ Development of evaluation procedures and evaluation of similarity measures [PDW03b; Pam04; PFW05b] including the procedures and evaluation presented in this thesis, which is the largest evaluation published to date. Important findings include the necessity of using an artist filter, and the fact that genre classification based evaluations can be used instead of listening tests to efficiently evaluate large parameter spaces.
1.2 Matlab Syntax 5 ◦ Development of the freely (GNU/GPL) available Matlab MA Toolbox [Pam04] 3 which implements several audio similarity measures, among them the approach presented by Aucouturier & Pachet [AP02a] which is described in this thesis (G30). Furthermore, all necessary code to implement G1C, the similarity measure which performs best in the evaluations presented in Chapter 2, is listed in this thesis. ◦ Development of new features (e.g. Gravity and Focus [PFW05b]), modification of similarity measures (e.g. the MFCC-based version of the Fluctuation Patterns and the G30S approach described in this thesis and in [Pam05]), and the development of optimized combinations [PFW05b] (including the new combination presented in this thesis). Applications ◦ Development of the Aligned Self-Organizing Map algorithm and demonstration of its ability to organize and visualize music collections [PGW03; PDW03a; Pam03; PDW04]. In addition, this algorithm has been successfully applied to analyze expressive piano performances [PGW03; GPW04] ◦ Development and demonstration of an approach to hierarchically cluster music collections into overlapping groups and summarize groups of similar artists with words [PFW05a]. This clustering technique was presented in [PHH04] (it was developed to organize large drum sample libraries) and is based on insights gained in work presented in [PWC04]. ◦ Development of a simple approach to dynamically generate playlists using minimal user interaction based on skipping behavior [PPW05a]. (Including an effective evaluation procedure to evaluate the suggested heuristics.) 1.2 Matlab Syntax In Chapter 2 all code necessary to implement the similarity measure which performs best in the evaluations is given. Matlab syntax was chosen because 3 http://www.ofai.at/˜elias.pampalk/ma
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Chapter 3 Applications This chapter
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Chapter 4 Conclusions In this thesi
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Bibliography [AHH + 03] Eric Allama
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[CKGB02] Pedro Cano, Martin Kaltenb
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[Got03] Masataka Goto, A Chorus-Sec
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[Lüb05] Dominik Lübbers, SoniXplo
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[PFW05b] , Improvements of Audio-Ba
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[SKW05a] Markus Schedl, Peter Knees
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Elias Pampalk I was born in 1978 in
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