Elegantes Telefax - JAV der TUB - TU Berlin

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24 the two parties involved in the early 1990s with the preparation of the 1992 UNCED summit and the 1992 World Bank report, Development and the Environment, an established Environmental Department and a changing public opinion in the developing countries. VII. THE POLICY CHANGE IN THE 1993 WATER RE- SOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICY PAPER The first policy change relevant for the above conceptualization was the preparation and acceptance of the World Bank Policy Paper on Water Resources Management of 1993, which was the result of a three year effort. This effort can be classified as an internally initiated and decided process with a relatively high degree of participation, but with limited influence of US-based NGOs. The second process of water policy is the establishment and the support by the World Bank of the World Commission on Dams, an external process jointly developed with the World Conservation Union (IUCN), but contrary to the development of the Water Policy Paper with considerable discretion of turning it into an internally binding document, but providing the external stakeholders with a policy reference. These two policy changes with a strong role of NGOs in its formulation were followed by two policy changes, internally initiated and influenced by stakeholders from borrowing countries and their representatives among the Executive directors. The Water Resources Sector Strategy, published in 2004, can be seen as a reaction towards the implementation of the earlier Water Policy Paper, focusing on the management of the resource itself and providing general principles for the water using sectors. The water using sectors have policy papers of their own, but the latest, most debated policy documents with relevance to the water sector is the Infrastructure Action Plan of 2003. Here, the process of its formulation was similar to that of the Water Resources Sector Strategy and left out the environmental NGOs. The policy process leading to the Policy Paper on Water Resources Management was initiated by a number of evaluations of the water relevant projects by the World Bank itself (World Bank 1993, Appendix E) and accompanied by a general report on the performance of the Bank on a project level (Wapenhans Report: World Bank 1992). While the internal evaluation of the Bank focused on problems of the sustainability of water supply and sanitation projects and on irrigation and drainage activities (World Bank 1995), the Wapenhans Report focused on the implementation problems of projects in all sectors and found those in water supply to have a higher degree of
25 major problems. The internal assessments were to a large extent the results of the work of the Environment Department, created in 1987. Last, but not least, there was the criticism of individual projects in the water sector, mainly those involving larger dams, especially the report of the Morse Commission investigating at the request of the Board of Directors the compliance of the Bank with its own policies with respect to the Narmada dam in India (Morse and Berger 1992). The negative assessment of the compliance and the recommendation of the Commission to the Bank to withdraw support finally resulted in the cancellation of the World Bank funding by the Indian government. As one consequence, the Bank’s management initiated a larger internal review process at the end of 1992 to survey the compliance with resettlement policies comprehensively which was undertaken by a task force led by the environment department and included not only a review of staff reports, but consistent documentation of the resettlement portfolio and review of the numbers of displaced persons (Fox 2000; World Bank 1996a). The process to formulate a water policy took place earlier and had considerably lower visibility. Officially, the process was announced in early 1991, but Moore and Sklar in their account attribute the beginning of the policy formulation to a year earlier in 1990 (Moore and Sklar 2000, 354). The process was largely conceived as an internal process, led by a team from the Agriculture and Rural Development Department. The consultative process of Bank staff started with representatives from borrowing governments and the NGOs, restricted to one workshop in July 1991 (Moore and Sklar 2000). Two of the major US anti-dam NGOs organized a protest mailing which caused a new workshop in 1992 at which the NGOs demanded a policy with binding guidelines, based on a set of objectives which centered on giving priority to alternatives to large–scale projects, to the restoration of rivers and relying on public participation. After an initial search for a common ground, the process of consultation stopped, presumably due to internal differences within the Bank. The NGOs relocated their efforts to the US Congress and executive directors. After two reviews of drafts by the Board, the final draft was approved in May 1993 and released in September. The policy change in the final Policy Paper Water Resources Management is mostly conceptual, adopting the Dublin principles and linking it to the Bank’s 1992 World Development Report which mainstreamed environment among the nonenvironmental economists in the Bank (Wade 1997, 712). It combines the call for a comprehensive framework, especially on a river basin level and its institutional reform with a broadening of the options in the water using sectors from the traditional supply augmentation to efficient service delivery and demand side options and includes a higher priority for environmental objectives without calling it IWRM (World
Page 1 and 2: WORKING PAPER ON MANAGEMENT IN ENVI
Page 3 and 4: SUMMARY Integrated Water Resources
Page 5 and 6: 1 I. INTRODUCTION Integrated Water
Page 7 and 8: 3 formance gap. Considerable attent
Page 9 and 10: 5 ade saw then the application of t
Page 11 and 12: 7 donor countries (and to some exte
Page 13 and 14: 9 ment banks may be seen as overlap
Page 15 and 16: 11 (Kapur 2002). The gentlemen’s
Page 17 and 18: 13 ing and selection seems to be wo
Page 19 and 20: 15 presidents who have undertaken t
Page 21 and 22: 17 the reorganization in 1987 creat
Page 23 and 24: 19 Figure 1: Percent of World Bank
Page 25 and 26: 21 Figure 2: A comprehensive framew
Page 27: 23 VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATER
Page 31 and 32: 27 breaking the stalemate of dam co
Page 33 and 34: 29 works, the World Water Council a
Page 35 and 36: 31 cation and explanation of the Ba
Page 37 and 38: 33 result of a combination of cause
Page 39 and 40: 35 Hawkins D.G., Lake D.A., Nielson
Page 41: 37 World Bank (1996c) Operations Ev

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