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26 Bank 1993, 10f). It includes the concerns of economists (pricing, financial accountability, decentralization and private sector participation) and the call for a comprehensive approach, based on river basin management which was important to the water engineers. It does not follow the demands of the NGOs for binding guidelines and for explicit anti-large projects priorities. The final chapter on the implications is rather short, but the strategic orientation is that water policy changes in the borrowing countries have to designed and implemented and project lending has to be linked to these processes. This implies a higher share of analytical and advisory work for the Bank. After the Water Resource Management Policy Paper was approved by the Board, another water-related policy formulation process of a different nature took place which dealt separately with dams, the major physical link between water resource management and the water using sectors, namely the World Commission on Dams. Large dams had played a major role in the NGOs’ campaigns criticizing the World Bank for the environmental and social impacts of its lending, but up to the early nineties mostly around individual projects. In 1994, a large number of NGOs demanded a moratorium on dams which should only be lifted, if the World Bank set up an independent review (Dubash et al 2001, 28). Partially as a reaction to these demands, the OED undertook an internal desk review of 50 dams supported by the World Bank as a first phase and found the performance to be mixed, but argued for continued support for large dams with stronger emphasis on compliance (World Bank 1996c). Based on leaked copies, NGOs reviewed the report, found it inadequate, and asked for its rejection by the World Bank and an independent review instead (McCully 1997). The World Bank reacted by convening with IUCN (which had little experience with social impacts and human rights violations but was considered as an legitimate organization to the critiques) the well known workshop in Gland in 1997 to review the report, to develop evaluation criteria and define an acceptable evaluation process which resulted in the World Commission on Dams. The trilateral structure of the World Commission on Dams, its ability to include all NGOs active in the area and to produce a common report is commonly seen as a positive example of a global civil society (Dubash et al 2001; Witte et al 2000). The objectives of the World Bank in participating have not been examined from a strategic point of view of an agent. The WCD constitutes a very special review process of its behavior (as part of the global review of dam planning, effects and impacts) in comparison to the other review processes in the nineties which were mostly controlled by the Bank with the exception of the Inspection Panel, which was forced on the Bank with the IDA-Congress leverage. The participation of the World Bank in the WCD process was voluntary, restricted in terms of activities performed (set up, seed financing, thematic contribution), but it was without any guiding functions. The expectations of the World Bank about its results are usually described by the motive of
27 breaking the stalemate of dam construction (WCD 2000, 26; Witte et al 2000, McCully 2001, 1468). The potential deal between the World Bank and the critical NGOs of accepting stricter standards and granting/receiving higher acceptance did not materialize as it became clear already during the selection process of the commissioners (Dubash et al 2001, 39; McCully 2001, 1470). After the WCD had published its report in 2000, the World Bank did not adopt its conclusions and the NGOs remained as opposed to the financing of large dams as before. VIII. EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF THE 1993 WATER RE- SOURCES MANAGEMENT POLICY PAPER IN 2002 There is no independent analysis of the impact of the policy change that was introduced by the 1993 Water Resource Management Policy Paper. To get an impression one has to rely on the internal evaluation of the World Bank. The OED evaluation of the implementation of the 1993 Water Resource Management Policy Paper was a multi-year effort, approved by the Board of Directors Committee on Development Effectiveness (CODE). Starting in 1998, it is based on a comparison of a sixyear period prior (1988-1993) and six years after the beginning of the Water Resources Management Policy (1994-1999) by covering all and completed water projects and projects with water components. It was based on the desk evaluation of 410 projects and numerable analytical activities, the in-depth review of four countries, thematic studies (later cancelled) and a survey of World Bank staff. In addition workshops were held within the Bank and with stakeholders in borrowing countries to discuss methods and progress (World Bank 2002b). The draft report was discussed with stakeholders in a forum organized by the Water Resources Management Group. The main result has been that the 1993 Water Resource Management Policy Paper has been implemented broadly, but only partially and unevenly. The implementation varied widely across regions, countries and water sub-sectors. In water supply and environment, there has been considerable progress, but less so in irrigation: There have been changes on a project level, but there the impetus for policy changes has been limited, as well as in country analytic work. The portfolio of the Bank has been responsive to the impetus of the 1993 Water Resource Management Policy Paper: Economic and sector work has increased considerably and dealt more with policy issues and less with the traditional technical topics (World Bank 2002b, 8). There has been an increase in commitments for water lending after 1993, but it lasted only until 1997 when it declined. Its sub-sectoral composition shifted from the traditional service sectors, water supply and sanitation
Page 1 and 2: WORKING PAPER ON MANAGEMENT IN ENVI
Page 3 and 4: SUMMARY Integrated Water Resources
Page 5 and 6: 1 I. INTRODUCTION Integrated Water
Page 7 and 8: 3 formance gap. Considerable attent
Page 9 and 10: 5 ade saw then the application of t
Page 11 and 12: 7 donor countries (and to some exte
Page 13 and 14: 9 ment banks may be seen as overlap
Page 15 and 16: 11 (Kapur 2002). The gentlemen’s
Page 17 and 18: 13 ing and selection seems to be wo
Page 19 and 20: 15 presidents who have undertaken t
Page 21 and 22: 17 the reorganization in 1987 creat
Page 23 and 24: 19 Figure 1: Percent of World Bank
Page 25 and 26: 21 Figure 2: A comprehensive framew
Page 27 and 28: 23 VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATER
Page 29: 25 major problems. The internal ass
Page 33 and 34: 29 works, the World Water Council a
Page 35 and 36: 31 cation and explanation of the Ba
Page 37 and 38: 33 result of a combination of cause
Page 39 and 40: 35 Hawkins D.G., Lake D.A., Nielson
Page 41: 37 World Bank (1996c) Operations Ev

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