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ORSAM
CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STRATEGIC STUDIES
‏.طةراس ئار ظى ستانسفيلَد،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال 31 333
‏.نةوشيروان مستةفا،‏ حيزب و دةسةآلتي تةنفيزي،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو Mustafa, 32 See.Neşirvan
33 For a detailed information about the development process of this polarization, and the role it
طةراس ئار ظى ستانسفيلَد،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،.‏See played in internal conflicts that took place in the region,
‏.ال ال – 339 343
34 The customs gates, especially incomes earned from the Ibrahim Halil customs gate, was one
of the bone of contention between the two parties. Ibrahim Halil gate became one of the most
important trade gates both for the region and for Iraq because of the sanctions of the Security
Council on Iraq. Because the former Iraqi government and influential people within this government
used this gate to smuggle oil abroad. Also vital needs of the citizens were imported
through this gate. See.Dr. Hamid Mahmud İsa, Irak’ta Kürt Sorunu, İngiliz İşgalinden Amerikan
İşgali’ne Kadar incomes of the region were shared as follows: 35& to KDP, 35 % to PUK, 15 % to
هاورِآ باخةوان،‏ هاورِيَنامة بؤ ميَذووي كوردستان و كورد،‏ دةزطاي.‏See other parties, 5 % to the regional government…
‏.ضاث و ثةخشي سةردةم،‏ 1999، ال 365
But both parties tried to seize the control of the Ibrahim Halil customs gate which was the main
‏.طةراس ئار ظى ستانسفيلَد،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال ال 335 و See.342 source of income of the region.
35 Despite the formation of Peshmarga Ministry and 29000 warriors under their control since the
very first government that was formed in the region, those troops were under the direct control
of KDP ad PUK. Similarly, the security forces in the region were not in a different position. See.
طةراس ئار ظى ستانسفيلَد،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال 345. و كذلك:‏ نةوشيروان مستةفا،‏ كيَشةى ثارتي و يةكيَتي،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال ال
91– 92. و أيضاً:‏ رةجائي فايد،‏ كوردةكاني عيًراق هيوا و ئاوات لة نيَوان بةديهاتن و بةدينةهاتن،‏ وة:‏ على ميرزا عارف هةورامي،‏ بةرِيَوةبةريَتيي
‏.خانةى وةرطيَرِان،‏ سليَماني،‏ 2010، ال 310
36 The conflict between the two parties dates back to decades ago, or even way before the period
when PUK was established. Back then, there were disagreements between the KDP leader
Mustafa Barzani and Ibrahim Ahmad, who was the head of the political bureau of the party, and
Jalal Talabani since 1964. The focal point of the conflict was on the leadership and how the de-
رةجائي.‏See cisions would be taken within KDP. There were also ideologic and cultural conflicts.
Those conflicts broke out in seventies and late eighties once فايد،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال ال – 302 304
again. As a result, internal conflicts took place both between the two parties and among other
نةوشيروان مستةفا،‏ ثةجنةكان يةكتر.‏See Yine ‏.طةراس ئار ظى ستانسفيلَد،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال ال – 205 See.212 parties.
. برلني postfach،1997 ئةشكيًنن ديوي ناوةوةى رووداوةكاني كوردستاني عيَراق - 1979 1983، ناوةندي بآلوكردنةوةى
37 The Weekly Hawlati journal oublished a series of confidential documents about the former Iraqi
regime in 2003. One of these documents was the that was published on 10 September 2003
with no 140. The document was the letter had been sent by a person named Abu Jihad who
worked in Sulaimaniyah office of the Ba’ath Party that was closed. In the document he explains
the fact that head of the office (Abu Kays) assigned him with a task to create trouble between
KDP and PUK, and he himself (Abu Jihad) used the company commander in KDP troops and
also a relative (Kadir Hasan). Kadir really killed Mam Cotyar, one of the PUK executives, by
opening fire on KDP headquarter in Kaleduzi on 2/5/1994. This event was the first spark of the
civil war. هاوآلتي،‏ ضاثخانةى رةجن،‏ ذمارة ،140 ضوارشةممة ،2003 /9 /10 ال ال See.2 -1 ‏.رؤذنامةى According to the
document, some sources asserts that Kadir Hasan took part in the Kaleduzi event and he was
‏.حاميد طةوهةري،‏ باشوري كوردستان لة نيَوان دوو هةلَبذاردندا،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال See.74 killed during the conflict.
38 They tried to ignite the internal conflicts among the Kurdish parties, and supported one against
طةراس ئار ظى ستانسفيلَد،.‏See the other. Those parties were poliarized through alliances and unions.
‏.سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال ال 342 و 346
39 The conflicts between KDP and PUK alsted for more than four months. While six conflicts took
place during that period, internal and external efforts to establish peace in the region served as
truce for a while. Until the peace agreement between the two parties in Washington on 17 Sep-
حاميد طةوهةري،‏ باشوري كوردستان لة نيَوان دوو هةلَبذاردندا،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال ال 66- 280. و كذلك:.‏See tember .1998
http://sbeiy. ‏:نةوشيروان مستةفا،‏ خةون يان مؤتةكة ديوي ناوةوةى رووداوةكاني كوردستاني عيَراق (1992- 2002)، لة سايتي
com/ku/article_detail.aspx?ArticleID=1539&AuthorID=36
‏.رةجائي فايد،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال See.310 Yine هةمان سةرضاوة.‏See 40
لظني،‏ وردةكارييةكاني ‎31‎ي ئاب لة بةلَطةنامةكاندا،‏ طؤظاري لظني،‏ ذمارة ‎1‎ي 74، ئةيلول.‏See 41 For a detailed information
،2008. Again See.Dr. Hamid Mahmud İsa ibid, p. 440 – 444. KDP asked for aid from ال – 31 35
the Saddam regime on the grounds that PUK received aid from the Iranian regime. Nechirvan
Mustafa says that both parties had good relationship with Iran, but one of the parties went out of
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ORSAM
Report No: 151, April 2013