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DEMOCRACY PROCESS AND PROBLEMS IN IRAQI KURDISTAN ORSAM control from time to time, and when this was the case they wanted to take it under control again; and that it was the most typical characteristics of the Iranian politics, that it did not allow one of the parties have a control over the other one. From Dr. Reşit Ammara Yas and Yusuf Muhammad Sadiq , ibid, p. 7. 42 See. ibid, p. 7 – 8. 43 ‏.حيزب و حوكم ئةزموني كوردستان،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو Mustafa, See.Nechirvan 44 لة نيوان من و مام جالل ئازاري – 1999 شوباتي 2001، ضاثخانةى رةجن،‏ سليَماني،‏ 2009، ال 96. يان Mustafa, See.Nechirvan http://sbeiy.com/ku/ArticleParts.aspx?PartID=39&ArticleID=2426&AuthorID=3 ‏:لةسةر سايتي سبةى 6. 45 At this stage, the mutual meetings between Iran, Turkey and Syria on the situation of Kurds in North Iraq was suspended. As it is known, those meetings started to held again after the collapse of the former regime in Iraq in 2003 when Kurdish parties became prominents in Iraq in ‏.طةراس ئار ظى ستانسفيلَد،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال See.348 geenral, and in the region in particular. 46 عايدة علي سري الدين،‏ See. For the full text of the Washington agreement between KDP and PUK, حةميد طةوهةري،.‏See Again ‏.املسألة الكردية في ملف السياسة الدولية،‏ دار اآلفاق اجلديدة،‏ بيروت،‏ 2000، ص ص‎380‎ – 384 ‏.باشوري كوردستان لة نيَوان دوو هةلَبذاردندا،‏ سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال ال 279- 286 47 See. The first period of elections in 1992, Kurdistan Parliament website: http://www.kurdistanparliament.org/default.aspx?page=sitecontents&c=Parliament-History1992 48 ‏.ئؤثؤزسيؤني سياسي،‏ ضاثخانةي رِةجن،‏ سليَماني،‏ 2009، ال Salih, 330 See.Yasin 49 This agreement remained secret until 5 July 2010. On this date, some parts of the agreement was published on the following website: http://standardkurd.net/direje. aspx?Cor=Hewal&Jimare=3420. The split of the region between KDP and PUK continued until this date. 50 http://www.kurdiu.org/hawal/index. ‏:كورديو،‏ بايز تالَةباني:‏ حكومةتي هةريَ‏ تا ئيَستا هةردوو ثارضةية...،‏ لة سايتي لظني ثريَس،‏ بايز تالَةباني:‏ تا ئيَستا سآ جار داواكراوة وةزارةتي دارايي يةكبخريَتةوة بةآلم.‏See php?pageid=92730 Again http://lvinpress.com/K_Direje.aspx?Jimare=6614&Besh=Hewal&Cor=1 ‏:نةكراوة،‏ لة سايتي 51 For a detailed information See. Dr. Reşid Ammara Yas ve Yusuf Muhammed Sadık, ibid, p. 14 – 28. 52 ‏،ديَظيد بيَتهام و كوين بؤيأل،‏ ديوكراسي ضية؟ ئاشنابوون بة ديوكراسي،‏ وةرطيَرِاني شؤرِش جوانرِؤيي،‏ خانةى وةرطيَرِان،‏ سليَماني،‏ 2003 ‏.ال 33 53 See. The Article 65 of the draft constitution of the Region. 54 Dr. Mazin Muvaffak Haşim, Demokrasinin Dayanaklarını Konuşalım, website: http://www.alrashad.org/issues/17/17-Hashem.htm 55 The International Institute of Human Rights, Depaul University Faculty of Law, Democracy and Freedoms, 2005, p. 39. 56 Amerika Kürtleri Cemiyeti ASK, Irak Kürdistanı Bölgesi Yargı Sistemi İzleme projesi, Erbil, İnternet sitesi: http://www.askurds.org/judiciarymonitoring1.pdf Some of those violations are pointed out in the report of the Amnesty International. See. Uluslararası Af örgütü, Beş Yıl Sonra Irak, Katliamlar ve Karamsarlıklar Arasında, Uluslararası Af örgütü yayınları, Londra, belge No. 2008 / 001 / AI Index No: MDE Mart 2008, birinci baskı, p. 20 57 David Betham, Democracy and Human Rights, translated by Muhammed Taki Dilfruz, İntişarart-i Tarh-i Nov, Tahran, 1383 H. Ş. p. 151. 58 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G. A. Res. 217 A, UN GAOR, üçüncü dönem, Supp. No. 1 BM Belgesi No A / 810, 1948 59 Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Enstitüsü, Depaul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, ibid, p. 40. 60 ‏.سةرضاوةى ثيَشوو،‏ ال Boilla(?)28 David Betham and Kevin 61 See. Article 38 of Iraqi constitution. 62 - See. The first paragraph of the Article 3 of the law dated 2010 and numbered 11 that regulates the demonstrations in Iraqi Kurdistan shows that the aforesaid law turned into an effective instrument under the control fo the authorities in power to prevent the demonstrations in the كورديو:‏ گروپى ‎400‎له چوارچێوه ى یاساى خۆپیشانداندا داواى مۆڵه ت بۆ خۆپیشاندان ده كه ن و.‏See region. As an example, http://www.kurdiu.org/hawal/index.php?pageid=59350 ‏:پارێزگاريسلێمانى مۆڵه تیان پێ نادات،‏ لة سايتي 63 See. 2010 report of the Amnesty International, Human Rights in the Republic of Iraq, website: http://amnesty.org/ar/region/iraq/report-2010 Again, Amnesty International, Beş Yıl Sonra Irak, Katliamlar ve Karamsarlıklar Arasında, ibid, p. 20. Again See.U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2010 Human Rights Report: Iraq, April 8, 2011, In site: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/ ORSAM Report No: 151, April 2013 25
ORSAM CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STRATEGIC STUDIES nea/154462.htm Again, Amnesty International, Human Rights in the Middle East and North Africa, January – April 2011, Uluslararası Af Örgütü Yayınları, London, Belge No. Index: POL 10/ 012/ 2011 Arabic, May 2011, First Edition, p. 19. You can also reach the report on the website: http://amnesty.org/ar/library/asset/POL10/012/2011/ar/f797ad21-8843-474f-b376-1686- f8c67960/pol100122011ara.pdf 64 See. The annual report of the METRO Center journalists on the violations in Kurdistan Region in 2011. Sulaymaniyah, 2012, again See.HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, Yol Ayırımında Irak’ta ABD öncülüğündeki sekiz yıllık işgalin ardından İnsan Hakları, website: http://www.hrw.org/ar/ reports/2011/01/20, 65 The International Institute of Human Rights, Depaul University Faculty of Law, ibid, p. 38. 66 Dr. Muhammed Abid el Cabiri, Democracy and Human Rights, The Arab League Research Center, Beirut, Third Edition, 2004, p. 16 – 17. 67 Revab Cemal, Seçim Sistemleri, p. 1 – 2websitesi (31/1/2012 tarihinde): http://www.scribd.com/doc /77534331/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8 6%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A 8-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84 ريَكخراوي دياكؤنياي سويدي،‏ ديوكراتي سياسةت،‏ ئامادة و وةرطيَرِاني:‏ فرسةت ئةحمةد – موئةيةد تةيب – تيَلي ئةمني،‏ ضاثخانةى 68 ‏،خةبات دهؤك،‏ ض 2699 3، ك،‏ ال ال – 25 26 69 What is meant by saying this is a planned process is that PUK had decided to exert pressure on otehr lists, especially on the change list, by discharging their offices in government agencies or by displacing them. In this context, in his statement on Awene Journal, Molla Bahtiyar says: “as long as the police officersi security and peshmargas or high-ranking officials are nominated by PUK, PUK has the right to change their office and withdraw their support.” For the full text of the document, مه ال به ختیار:‏ مانگانه یه كێتی و پارتی له سی ملیۆن دۆالر كه متر له حكومه ت وه رناگرن.‏See ‏،ئاويَنة،‏ website: http://awene.com/Direje.aspx?Babet=Babet&Cor=Chawpekewtin&jimare=715 فةالح نةجم،‏ به پێچه وانه ی یاسای هه ڵبژاردنه وه یه كێتی به رده وامه له ده ركردنی فه رمانبه ره حكومییه كان.‏See 70 As an example, - website: http://sbeiy.com/ku/newsdetail.aspx?id=17525&cat=1 71 As an example, سبةى،‏ له سه ر لیستی ‏(گۆڕان)،‏ دوو مامۆستا ده ركران.‏See -website: http://awene.com/Direje. راگری كۆلێژی زانسته مرۆڤایه تییه كانی Abdulhalik, aspx?Babet=Hewal&Jimare=3810 Again See.Delir http://sbeiy.com/ku/newsdetail.aspx?id=17397&cat=1 - website: ‏،زانكۆی كۆیه له سه ر كار الده درێت سبةي،‏ له سكاڵایه كدا بۆ رای گشتی سه رۆكی لیستی بزوتنه وه ی چاكسازی كردستان:‏ ماوه یه كه See. 72 As an example sbeiy.com/ku/newsdetail. - website: ‏،له هه ولێرو دهۆك فشارده خرێته سه ر ئه و كه سانه ی هاوكاریمان ده كه ن هةلَويَست عوسمان و بةرهةم لةتييف،‏ ديداريَك لةطةأل د.‏ عبداملصور بارزاني،‏ طؤظاري.‏See aspx?id=17459&cat=1 Again ئاآل لةتيف،‏ كاندیدێكی بزووتنه وه ی چاكسازی كردستان ده ستگیركرا.‏See Again ‏.رِيَطا،‏ ذمارة ‎20‎ي 13، حوزةيراني ، 2009 ال 17- 19 هاوآلتي،‏ لیستی See. - website: http://hawlati.info/NewsDetailN.aspx?id=8954&LinkID=63 Again http://hawlati.info/NewsDetailN. website: ‏,پێشكه وتن:‏ ئاسایشی پارتی هه ڕه شه ی كوشنت له ئه ندامامنان ده كات aspx?id=9555&LinkID=63 73 In the reports of electoral monitoring reports, there is a consensus regarding that these elections were rigged to a large extent. Here, we are going to point out a part of these reports which includes some parts of the local and international journals: (A Berzan Ali Heme, ڵبژاردن له هه ولێر و دهۆك هه رێمی كوردستان ده خاته لیستی ڕه شه وه ‏،هه - website: http://chawyxelk.com/NewsDetailN.aspx?id=1873&LinkID=63&Detail=1 (B again سبةى،‏ چاودێرێكی گروپی نه زاهه : ته نیا له و وێستگه یه ی منی تێدابوم 120 بۆ 130 ده نگ به ساخته دراوه - website: http://sbeiy.com/ku/newsdetail.aspx?id=19195&cat=1 C) The Economist print edition, The times they are a-Changing: on site: http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14140770 (D again ئاويَنة،‏ ئینستیۆتی مافه كانی مرۆڤ:‏ ساخته كاریی به رفراوان كراوه – website: http://awene.com/Direje. aspx?Babet=Hewal&Jimare=4517 E) Again, Electoral Monitoring Final Report of the Head of Parliament of the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government, website: http://www.tammuz.net/news/arabic/03-09-009a.pdf (F again نوێنه ری سێ رێكخراوي نێوده وڵه تی:‏ پێشێلكاری زۆر له الیه ن حیزبی ده سه ڵاتداره وه ئه جنامدراوه - website: http://hawlati.info/NewsDetailN.aspx?id=10224&LinkID=63 (G again ئاويَنة،‏ تؤرِي شةمس:‏ ژماره یه كی زۆر له هێزه كانی پێشمه رگه دووجار ده نگیان داوه.‏See - website: http://awene. com/Direje.aspx?Babet=Hewal&Jimare=447 H) again See. The letter sent by the French Consul to former Reform and Service List Leader Seladdin Bhaddin - website http://www.kurdiu.org/fileup3/3278french.pdf 26 ORSAM Report No: 151, April 2013
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