Appendix X - Flora FINAL 11 - PBMR

eia for eskom pebble bed modular reactor: botanical assessment 

Table 11. Extent (ha) of plant communities occurring in two farms 

abutting the northern boundary of Koeberg Nature Reserve, and which 

could be used as a biodiversity offset 

Plant community (after Low (2000) 

Groote 

Springfontyn 

Witsand 

DS (Dune Thicket/Sand Plain Fynbos 

transition) 

363 251 

Dc (Dune Thicket on calcareous sand) 234 0 

Dl (Dune Thicket on limestone) 132 0 

WSh (renosterveld on shale) 39 0 

Other 4 0 

Total 772 251 

7.4 Environmental management plan (EMP) 

An EMP needs to be drawn up for both the construction and operational aspects of the 

planned development, one which will embody the above recommendations. 

7.5 No-go alternative 

The no-go alternative could be an option for the triangle on the R27, but despite the possible 

localised loss of several Red Data species, the system is quite degraded. In the case of the 

PBMR site, the no-go approach would mean less impact on the coastal zone and wetland. 

For the powerlines the no-go alternative is not too critical as along as routing is via 

established roads or other disturbed ground. For the Modder River, a no-go approach would 

mean no impact on this rare system and the avoidance of altering flow rates and therefore 

the river system as a whole. 

64


8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

The findings of the botanical assessment indicate that the flora and vegetation of the main 

PBMR DPP site are not significantly important to arrest development here, as long as 

recommendations for a setback line and buffer for the coast, and buffer for the wetland are 

implemented, along with a rehabilitation programme. Alternative laydown areas A, B and C 

should be considered if the triangle is not used, but a coastal setback line and rehab 

programme needs to be instituted. 

The location of the new powerlines should not cause any problems, as long as these are 

routed away from any natural vegetation. 

The location of the main lay down area in the triangle of veld along the R27 brings three 

possible scenarios into play. The first is for the no-go alternative to be invoked and for no 

PBMR DPP development to occur at all, although this is not strongly supported due to the 

degraded nature of the site. The second is to select one of the three proposed alternative 

areas (Figure 17). The third is to develop the site, and then formulate a biodiversity offset 

process with a compensation ratio of 20:1, in other words some 710 ha. The proposed 

Groote Springfontyn Farm (with the possible addition of Witsand Farm as well) would provide 

a natural continuum for the plant communities of the Koeberg Nature Reserve both in terms 

of increasing the extant of rare Dune Thicket and Dune Thicket/Sand Plain Fynbos transition 

vegetation, as well as the size of the Reserve. 

Recommendations 

1. Development can proceed at the main site and laydown area, south of the power 

station, provided that measures for implementing a setback line and buffer for the 

dunes and wetlands are put in place and that suitable rehabilitation is also 

undertaken. Use can be made of the presently hardened off area within the proposed 

buffer zone, but the 125 m setback should be maintained post construction and 

rehabilitated accordingly. 

2. Any new powerline should not cross natural vegetation but should be routed along 

existing roads or disturbed areas. 

65


3. Use of the triangle along the R27 is supported, but clarity must be obtained as to 

whether the Province would require a biodiversity offset for rare yet degraded 

vegetation. Two farms to the north of Koeberg have been identified for this purpose. 

In this regard, use of one or more of the three additional alternative laydown sites 

should be considered. 

4. Minor adjustments to the routing of the water pipeline to avoid rare habitats and 

species is recommended, along with rehabilitation once the pipeline has been 

installed. 

5. The crossing of the Modder River is supported but requires more detailed information 

on the actual causeway before a more informed decision can be taken. 

6. Where any natural veld is lost, a search and rescue operation should be implemented 

whereby suitable plants can be relocated elsewhere in the Reserve. 

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Field assistance was provided by Ben Walton, Rowan Lamont, Lara Husted, Zuki Gqabuza, 

Lucille Krige, Mark Liddell and Ann MacGregor 

Gert Greeff was most helpful in the field as well as in sourcing certain information 

Reuben Roberts ran the statistics for species rarity in the different vegetation types 

Species identifications were undertaken by staff at Kirstenbosch, as well Dr Cornelia Klak, Dr 

Peter Bruyns, Dr Muthama Muasya, Mr Terry Trindler Smith and Ms Els Dorrat 

Paul Furniss and Ashlea Strong of ARCUS GIBB provided valuable comment on drafts of the 

report. 

66


10. REFERENCES 

Acocks, J P H (1988). Veld types of South Africa (3 rd edition). Botanical Research Institute, 

Pretoria 

Boucher, C (1983). Floristic and structural features of the coastal foreland vegetation south 

of the Berg River, western Cape Province, South Africa. Bothalia 14 (3 & 4): 669 - 674 

Brownlie, S (2007). Provincial guideline on biodiversity offsets. Revised draft, March 2007. 

Provincial Government of the Western cape, Cape Town 

Cape West Coast Biosphere Reserve (2007). Strategic Plan. Cape West Coast Biosphere 

Reserve, Darling 

Clarke, K R & Warwick (1994). Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical 

analysis and interpretation. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United Kingdom. 

Daines, A (1991). The status of barrier dunes along the eastern Cape coast. Unpub. MSc 

thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth 

Daines, A and Low, B (1993). Cape Metropolitan Area: West Coast environmental survey. 

Cape Metropolitan Council, Cape Town. 

DEAT (2005). National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan. Department of Environmental 

Affairs & Tourism, Pretoria 

Diamond, J M (1975). The island dilemma: lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the 

design of natural reserves. Biological Conservation 7: 129 - 146 

Fortuin, M, Woodford, A C, Rosewarne, P N & Low, A B (2004). Identification and 

prioritisation of type areas for detailed research in terms of the regional variability of the 

groundwater and ecological characteristics of the Table Mountain Group aquifer systems. 

WRC Report no. 1332/1/04, Water Research Commission, Pretoria 

Heijnis, C J (1997). Identification of priority areas for a proposed biosphere reserve in the 

coastal lowlands of the Western Cape. Project number ZA 523, Institute for Plant 

Conservation, University of Cape Town. 

Jarman, M L (1986). Conservation priorities in lowland regions of the Fynbos Biome. South 

African National Scientific Programmes Report no. 87, CSIR, Pretoria 

Low, A B (2000). Sand mining structure plan: plantlife and general environment. Coastec, 

Rondebosch. 

Low, A B (2001a). Big Bay development: specialist environmental sensitivity and botanical 

study. Coastec, Rondebosch 

Low, A B (2001b). Blaauwberg Conservation Area: ecological sensitivity analysis. Coastec, 

Rondebosch 

Low, A B (2003). Environmental impacts of large-scale groundwater development in the 

TMG aquifer: identification of ecologically important zones. Coastec, Rondebosch 

Low, A B (2004). Biodiversity and conservation priorities for the Cape West Coast Biosphere 

Reserve. Coastec, Rondebosch 

67


Low, A B & Pond, U (2004). Mapping of coastal dunes within the City of Cape Town 

metropolitan area. Coastec, Rondebosch 

Low, A B & Pond, U (2006). Botanical and conservation assessment of Erf 470 Laaiplek. 

Coastec, Rondebosch 

M J Mountain & Partners (2000). Cape Metropolitan Council & adjacent District Councils: 

proposed structure plan for mining. Report on the geological mapping and assessment for 

development planning of mineral resources. M J Mountain & Partners, Wynberg 

Mucina, L, Rutherford, M C & Powrie, L (eds.) (2005). Vegetation map of South Africa, 

Lesotho and Swaziland: an illustrated guide. South African National Biodiversity Institute, 

Pretoria. 

Provincial Government of the Western Cape (2005). Western Cape Spatial Development 

Framework, Cape Town. 

Rouget, M, Reyers, B, Jonas, Z, Desmet, P, Driver, A, Maze, K, Egoh, B & Cowling, R M 

(2004). South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report. 

Volume 1: Terrestrial Component. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. 

SANBI (2007). List of Red Data plant species for South Africa. South African National 

Botanical Institute, Pretoria 

SaSFlora (1998 – 2007). Site and species database for the Cape & Karoo floras. Coastec, 

Rondebosch 

Soil Classification Working Group (1991). Soil classification: a taxonomic system for South 

Africa. Memoirs of the Agricultural Natural Resources of South Africa No. 15. Pretoria 

Theron, J N, Gresse, P G, Siegfried, H P & Rogers, J. (1992). The geology of the Cape 

Town area. Geological Survey, Pretoria 

Tinley, K L (1985). Coastal dunes of South Africa. South African National Scientific 

Programmes Report no. 109. CSIR, Pretoria. 

Zar, J H (1984) (2 nd edn.). Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 

68


APPENDIX 1. COMPOSITE PLANT 

SPECIES LIST FOR KOEBERG 

69


Division Anthophyta: Class Dicotyledones 

AIZOACEAE 

Aizoon 

paniculatum L. 

Galenia 

africana L. 

Tetragonia 

decumbens Mill. 

fruticosa L. 

spicata L.f. 

AMARANTHACEAE 

Bassia 

diffusa (Thunb.) Kuntze 

Exomis 

microphylla (Thunb.) Aellen var. axyrioides 

Manochlamys 

albicans (Aiton) Aellen 

Sarcocornia 

natalensis (Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.) 

A.J.Scott 

ANACARDIACEAE 

Rhus 

crenata Thunb. 

glauca Thunb. 

laevigata L.f. 

longispina Eckl.& Zeyh. 

lucida L. 

APIACEAE 

Capnophyllum 

africanum (L.) Gaertn. 

Dasispermum 

suffruticosum (P.J.Bergius) B.L.Burtt 

APOCYNACEAE 

Cynanchum 

africanum (L.) Hoffmanns. 

obtusifolium L.f. 

Microloma 

sagittatum (L.) R.Br. 

ASTERACEAE 

Amellus 

tenuifolius Burm. 

Arctotheca 

calendula (L.) Levyns 

populifolia (P.J.Bergius) Norl. 

Arctotis 

cf. hirsuta (Harv.) Beauv. 

leptorhiza DC. 

stoechadifolia P.J.Bergius 

Chrysanthemoides 

incana (Burm.f.) Norl. 

cf. monilifera (L.) Norl. 

Cineraria 

geifolia (L.) L. 

Cotula 

coronopifolia L. 

cf. duckittiae (L.Bolus) Bremer & 

Humphries 

turbinata L. 

70 

Dicerothamnus 

rhinocerotis (DC.) Koekemoer 

Didelta 

carnosa (L.f.) Aiton var. tomentosa 

Dimorphotheca 

pluvialis (L.) Moench 

Disparago 

anomala Schltr. ex Levyns 

Eriocephalus 

cf. africanus L. 

cf. racemosus L. 

Felicia 

heterophylla (Cass.) Grau 

Gazania 

maritima Levyns 

cf. pectinata (Thunb.) Hartweg 

Gymnodiscus 

capillaris (L.f.) DC. 

Helichrysum 

cf. cochleariforme DC. NT 

crispum (L.) D.Don. 

cf. dasyanthum (Willd.) Sweet 

micropoides DC. 

niveum (L.) Less. 

patulum (L.) D.Don. 

cf. revolutum (Thunb.) Less. 

Metalasia 

cf. densa (Lam.) Karis 

muricata (L.) D.Don. 

Nidorella 

cf. foetida (L.) DC. 

Oncosiphon 

cf. suffruticosum (L.f.) Kallersjö 

Othonna 


filicaulis Jacq. 

Plecostachys 

serpyllifolia (P.J.Bergius) Hilliard & 

B.L.Burtt 

Pseudognaphalium 

undulatum (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt 

Senecio 

cf. arenarius Thunb. 

burchellii DC. 

elegans L. 

halimifolius L. 

cf. hastatus L. 

laxus DC. 

littoreus Thunb. 

cf. maritimus L. 

scapiflorus (L'Her.) C.A.Sm. 

Seriphium 

cinereum L. 

plumosum L. 

Steirodiscus 

cf. tagetes (L.) Schltr. VU


Trichogyne 

repens (L.) Anderb. 

Tripteris 

dentata (Burm.f.) O.Hoffm. 

Ursinia 

anthemoides (L.) Poir. 

BORAGINACEAE 

Lobostemon 

glaucophyllus (Jacq.) H.Buek 

BRASSICACEAE 

Heliophila 

cf. africana (L.) Marais 


cf. linearis (Thunb.) DC. var. linearifolia 

Lepidium 

africanum (Burm.f.) DC. 

CAMPANULACEAE 

Wahlenbergia 

adpressa (Thunb.) Sond. 

tenella (L.f.) Lammers 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

Cerastium 

cf. capense Sond. 

Silene 

undulata Aiton 

CELASTRACEAE 

Gymnosporia 

buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl. 

Pterocelastrus 

tricuspidatus (Lam.) Sond. 

Putterlickia 

pyracantha (L.) Szyszyl. 

CRASSULACEAE 

Cotyledon 

orbiculata L. 

Crassula 

cymosa P.J.Bergius 

dichotoma L. 

cf. glomerata P.J.Bergius 

muscosa L. 

natans Thunb. var. natans 

subulata L. 

thunbergiana Schult. subsp. thunbergiana 

Tylecodon 

grandiflorus (Burm.f.) Toelken 

paniculatus (L.f.) Toelken 

CUCURBITACEAE 

Kedrostis 

nana (Lam.) Cogn. 

EBENACEAE 

Euclea 

racemosa Murray 

ERICACEAE 

Erica 

mammosa L. 

plumosa Thunb. 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

Clutia 

daphnoides Lam. 

Euphorbia 

burmannii E.Mey. ex Boiss. 

caput-medusae L. subsp. marlothiana 

N.E.Br. VU 

mauritanica L. 

FABACEAE 

Amphithalea 

cf. ericifolia (L.) Eckl. & Zeyh. 

Argyrolobium 

lunare (L.) Druce 

Aspalathus 

albens L. VU 

hispida Thunb. 

spinescens Thunb subsp. spinescens 

ternata (Thunb.) Druce 

Indigofera 

meyeriana Eckl. & Zeyh. 

procumbens L. 

Lebeckia 

spinescens Harv. 

Lessertia 

cf. frutescens (L.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning 

stenoloba E. Mey. 

Otholobium 

bracteolatum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) C.H.Stirt. 

Psoralea 

repens L. 

FUMARIACEAE 

Cysticapnos 

vesicaria (L.) Fedde 

GENTIANACEAE 

Chironia 

baccifera L. 

Orphium 

frutescens D.Delaroche 

Sebaea 

albens (L.f.) Sm. 

aurea (L.f.) Sm. 

GERANIACEAE 

Pelargonium 

capitatum (L.) L'Hér. 

gibbosum (L.) L'Hér. 

cf. senecioides L'Hér. 

triste (L.) L'Hér. 

LAMIACEAE 

Leonotis 

leonurus (L.) R.Br. 

Salvia 

cf. africana-caerulea L. 

africana-lutea L. 

lanceolata Lam. 

Stachys 

cf. aethiopica L. 

71


MALVACEAE 

Hermannia 

multiflora Jacq. 

pinnata L. 

procumbens Cav. subsp. procumbens 

MENISPERMACEAE 

Cissampelos 

capensis L.f. 

MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE 

Amphibolia 

laevis (Aiton) H.E.K.Hartmann STBA 

Carpobrotus 

acinaciformis (L.) L.Bolus 

edulis (L.) L.Bolus 

Conicosia 

pugioniformis (L.) N.E.Br. subsp. 

pugioniformis 

Dorotheanthus 

apetalus (L.f.) N.E.Br. EN 

bellidiformis (Burm.f.) N.E.Br. subsp. 

bellidiformis 

Jordaaniella 

dubia (Haw.) H.E.K.Hartmann 

Lampranthus 

explanatus (L.Bolus) N.E.Br. EN 

multiradiatus (Jacq.) N.E.Br. 

Mesembryanthemum 

cf. canaliculatum Haw. 

crystallinum L. 

Ruschia 

caroli (L.Bolus) Schwantes 

indecora (L.Bolus) Schwantes EN 

macowanii (L.Bolus) Schwantes 

misera (L.Bolus) L.Bolus 

MOLLUGINACEAE 

Adenogramma 

cf. glomerata (L.f.) Druce 

Pharnaceum 

incanum L. 

lanatum Bartl. 

MYRICACEAE 

Morella 

cordifolia (L.) Killick 

quercifolia (L.) Killick 

NEURADACEAE 

Grielum 

cf. grandiflorum (L.) Druce 

OLEACEAE 

Olea 

exasperata Jacq. 

ONAGRACEAE 

Epilobium 

hirsutum L. 

OROBANCHACEAE 

Harveya 

squamosa (Thunb.) Steud. 

Hyobanche 

sanguinea L. 

72 

CR 

OXALIDACEAE 

Oxalis 

hirta L. 

obtusa Jacq. 

pes-caprae L. 

purpurea L. 

versicolor L. 

PLANTAGINACEAE 

Plantago 

crassifolia Forssk. 

PLUMBAGINACEAE 

Afrolimon 

perigrinum (P.J.Bergius) Lincz. 

purpuratum (L.) Lincz. CR 

Limonium 

equisetinum (Boiss.) R.A.Dyer 

scabrum (Thunb.) Kuntze 

POLYGALACEAE 

Nylandtia 

spinosa (L.) Dumort. 

Polygala 

garcinii DC. 

POLYGONACEAE 

Emex 

australis Steinh. 

Rumex 

cf. acetosella L. subsp. angiocarpus (Murb.) 

Murb. 

lativalvis Meisn. 

sagittatus Thunb. 

PROTEACEAE 

Leucadendron 

levisanus (L.) P.J.Bergius CR 

salignum P.J.Bergius 

Leucospermum 

hypophyllocarpodendron (L.) Druce subsp. 

canaliculatum (H.Buek.) ex Meisn.) Rourke 

VU 

Protea 

repens (L.) L. 

Serruria 

decipiens R.Br. VU 

fasciflora Salisb. ex Knight 

RHAMNACEAE 

Phylica 

cephalantha Sond. 

ericoides L. 

harveyi (Arn.) Pillans VU 

plumosa L. 

Trichocephalus 

stipularis (L.) Brongn. 

ROSACEAE 

Cliffortia 

cf. falcata L.f. 

cf. juniperina L.f. 

polygonifolia L. var. polygonifolia


RUBIACEAE 

Anthospermum 

aethiopicum L. 

prostratum Sond. 

spathulatum Spreng. subsp. spathulatum 

Galium 

tomentosum Thunb. 

RUTACEAE 

Agathosma 

cf. imbricata (L.) Willd. 

Diosma 

dichotoma P.J.Bergius VU 

cf. hirsuta L. 

SANTALACEAE 

Osyris 

compressa (P.J.Bergius) A.DC. 

Thesidium 

fragile (Thunb.) Sond. 

Thesium 

aggregatum A.W.Hill 

frisea L. DD 

pubescens DC. 

cf. spicatum L. 

cf. strictum P.J. Bergius 

virgatum Lam. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE 

Diascia 

cf. diffusa Benth. 

Dischisma 

ciliatum (P.J.Bergius) Choisy subsp. 

ciliatum 

Hebenstretia 

dentata L. 

repens Jaroscz 

Hemimeris 

sabulosa L.f. 

Lyperia 

cf. lychnidea (L.) Druce 

tristis (L.f.) Benth. 

Manulea 

rubra L.f. 

thyrsiflora L.f. 

cf. tomentosa (L.) L. 

Nemesia 

affinis Benth. 

bicornis (L.) Pers. 

strumosa (Herb. Banks ex Benth.) Benth. 

NT 

Oftia 

africana (L.) Bocq. 

Phyllopodium 

cephalophorum (Thunb.) Hilliard 

cf. phyllopodioides (Schltr.) Hilliard 

Polycarena 

capensis (L.) Benth. NT 

Zaluzianskya 

venusta Hilliard 

villosa F.W.Schmidt 

SOLANACEAE 

Lycium 

cf. afrum L. 

ferocissimum Miers 

Solanum 

cf. africanum Mill. 

guineense L. 

THYMELAEACEAE 

Lachnaea 

grandiflora (L.f.) Baill. 

Passerina 

corymbosa Eckl. ex C.H.Wright 

ericoides L. VU 

cf. paleacea Wikstr. 

rigida Wikstr. 

Struthiola 

leptantha Bolus 

VISCACEAE 

Viscum 

capense L.f. 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 

Roepera 

flexuosum Eckl. & Zeyh. 

cf. fulva L. 

morgsana L. 

Division Anthophyta: Class Monocotyledones 

AMARYLLIDACEAE 

Ammocharis 

longifolia (L.) M.Roem. 

Brunsvigia 

orientalis (L.) Aiton ex Eckl. 

Crossyne 

guttata (L.) D. & U.Mull.-Doblies 

Gethyllis 

ciliaris (Thunb.) Thunb. cf ciliaris NT 

Haemanthus 

coccineus L. 

cf. pubescens L.f. subsp. pubescens 

ANTHERICACEAE 

Chlorophytum 

triflorum (Aiton) Kunth 

APONOGETONACEAE 

Aponogeton 

angustifolius Aiton VU 

ARACEAE 

Zantedeschia 

aethiopica (L.) Spreng. 

73


ASPARAGACEAE 

Asparagus 

aethiopicus L. 

cf. asparagoides (L.) Druce 

capensis L. 

declinatus L. 

lignosus Burm.f. 

cf. rubicundus P.J.Bergius 

ASPHODELACEAE 

Bulbine 

annua (L.) Willd. 

Trachyandra 

ciliata (L.f.) Kunth 

divaricata (Jacq.) Kunth 

cf. muricata (L.f.) Kunth 

revoluta (L.) Kunth 

sabulosa (Adamson) Oberm. 

COLCHICACEAE 

Ornithoglossum 

viride (L.f.) Aiton 

CYPERACEAE 

Cyperus 

textilis Thunb. 

Ficinia 

argyropa Nees 

bulbosa (L.) Nees 

dunensis Levyns 

indica (Lam.) Pfeiffer 

lateralis (Vahl) Kunth 

nodosa (Rottb.) Goetgh. 

oligantha (Steud.) J.Raynal 

pygmaea Boeck. 

Hellmuthia 

membranacea (Thunb.) R.Haynes & K.Lye 

Isolepis 

cf. antarctica (L.) Roem. & Schult. 

cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. 

venustula Kunth 

Scirpoides 

thunbergii (Schrad.) Soják 

HAEMODORACEAE 

Wachendorfia 

multiflora (Klatt) J.C. Manning and Goldblatt 

paniculata Burm. 

HEMEROCALLIDACEAE 

Caesia 

contorta (L.f.) T.Durand & Schinz 

HYACINTHACEAE 

Albuca 

cf. flaccida Jacq. 

maxima Burm.f. 

Lachenalia 

bulbifera (Cyrillo) Engl. 

rubida Jacq. 

variegata W.F.Barker 

IRIDACEAE 

Aristea 

cf. africana (L.) Hoffmanns. 

Babiana 

ringens (L.) Ker Gawl. 

tubulosa (Burm.f.) Ker Gawl. 

Ferraria 

cf. crispa Burm. 

Gladiolus 

cf. carinatus Aiton 

cunonius (L.) Gaertn. 

Moraea 

fugax (D.Delaroche) Jacq. 

tripetala (L.f.) Ker Gawl. 

Romulea 

rosea (L.) Eckl. 

tabularis Eckl. ex Beg. 

Watsonia 

meriana (L.) Mill. 

JUNCACEAE 

Juncus 

kraussii Hochst. subsp. kraussii 

JUNCAGINACEAE 

Triglochin 

bulbosa L. 

ORCHIDACEAE 

Corycium 

cf. crispum (Thunb.) Sw. 

cf. orobanchoides (L.f.) Sw. 

Disperis 

cf. villosa (L.f.) Sw. 

Satyrium 

cf. carneum (Dryand.) Sims NT 

POACEAE 

Aristida 

cf. junciformis Trin. & Rupr. 

Cladoraphis 

cyperoides (Thunb.) S.M.Phillips 

Cynodon 

dactylon (L.) Pers. 

Ehrharta 

cf. calycina Sm. 

cf. delicatula (Nees) Stapf 

erecta Lam. 

villosa Schult.f 

Pentaschistis 

barbata (Nees) H.P.Linder subsp. barbata 

cf. pallida (Thunb.) H.P.Linder 

Phragmites 

australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 

Sporobolus 

virginicus (L.) Kunth 

Stipagrostis 

cf. zeyheri (Nees) De Winter 

Tribolium 

hispidum (Thunb.) Desv. 

uniolae (L.f.) Renvoize 

74


RESTIONACEAE 

Calopsis 

fruticosa (Mast.) H.P.Linder 

Elegia 

coleura Nees ex Mast. 

cf. microcarpa (Kunth) Pillans 

recta (Mast.) Moline & H P Linder NT 

tectorum (L.f.) Raf. 

Ischyrolepis 

eleocharis (Nees ex Mast.) H.P.Linder 

Thamnochortus 

erectus (Thunb.) Mast. 

punctatus Pillans NT 

spicigerus (Thunb.) Spreng. 

Willdenowia 

incurvata (Thunb.) H.P.Linder 

cf. sulcata Mast. 

teres Thunb. 

TECOPHILAEACEAE 

Cyanella 

hyacinthoides L. 

TYPHACEAE 

Typha 

capensis (Rohrb.) N.E.Br. 

Total named species: 327 

Total genera: 179 

Total families: 65 

Total red data species: 23 

CR: Critically Threatened; EN: Endangered, 

VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD: 

Data Deficient; STBA: Still To Be Assessed 

Report produced by the SaSFLORA database: 

data (C) Coastec; database design and structures 

(C) Reuben Roberts 1998-2006 

75

APPENDIX 2. PLANT SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS – KOEBERG PBMR STUDY 

DICOTYLEDONS 

FAMILY SPECIES DISTRIBUTION 1 COMMENTS 

AIZOACEAE Tetragonia decumbens Southern Namibia to Eastern Cape Coastal dunes 

APIACEAE Dasispermum suffruticosum Southern Namaqualand to KwaZulu-Natal Coastal dunes 

ASTERACEAE Arctotheca populifolia Saldanha to Mozambique Coastal dunes 

ASTERACEAE Arctotis stoechadifolia Yzerfontein to Cape Peninsula West Coast endemic 

ASTERACEAE Cotula duckittiae Yzerfontein to Bokbaai Local West Coast endemic 

ASTERACEAE Disparago anomala Cape Peninsula to Potberg Northern extension of recorded distribution; coastal sands and 

limestones 

ASTERACEAE Eriocephalus racemosus Namaqualand to Humansdorp Coastal dunes and hills 

ASTERACEAE Gazania maritima Elandsbaai to Cape Hangklip Coastal rocks and sand 

ASTERACEAE Helichrysum cochleariforme Aurora to Gouriqua Coastal sands 

ASTERACEAE Helichrysum crispum Blaauwbergstrand to George Slight northern extension of recorded range; mainly coastal 

sands 

ASTERACEAE Helichrysum niveum Saldana to Stilbaai Coastal dunes 

ASTERACEAE Helichrysum patulum Cape Peninsula to Mossel Bay Northern extension of recorded range 

ASTERACEAE Metalasia muricata Yzerfontein to Transkei Coastal sands 

ASTERACEAE Senecio elegans Saldanha to Port Elizabeth Coastal sands 

ASTERACEAE Senecio halimifolius Lambert’s Bay to Hermanus Coastal sands (wetlands and damp places) 

ASTERACEAE Senecio littoreus Graafwater to Cape Peninsula and Napier Mainly coastal sands 

ASTERACEAE Senecio maritimus Southern Namaqualand to Agulhas Coastal dunes and slopes 

ASTERACEAE Steirodiscus tagetes Hopefield to Cape Peninsula West Coast endemic 

ASTERACEAE Trichogyne repens Vredenburg to Mossel Bay Coastal dunes and sandy flats 

ASTERACEAE Tripteris dentata Redelinghuys to Cape Peninsula Near West Coast endemic 

BRASSICACEAE Heliophila linearis Langebaan to Eastern Cape Sandy coastal flats 

76 

C O A S T E C coastal and environmental consultants 

botanical specialists ecological analysis environmental management impact assessment


CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia adpressa Rocher pan to Cape Peninsula Coastal sands 

CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia tenella Mamre to Eastern Cape North-western limit of recorded distribution; often coastal sands 

CELASTRACEAE Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus Velddrif to Cape Peninsula to Port Edward Coastal thicket and forest 

CELASTRACEAE Putterlickia pyracantha Velddrif to Eastern cape Mainly coastal thicket 

CUCURBITACEAE Kedrostis nana Saldana to KwaZulu-Natal Coastal thicket 

EBENACEAE Euclea racemosa Namaqualand to Eastern Cape Coastal thicket 

EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia daphnoides Saldanha to Eastern Cape Coastal thicket 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

Euphorbia caput-medusae Die Mond to Cape Flats Near West Coast endemic; mainly coastal sands 

subsp. marlothiana 2 

FABACEAE Aspalathus albens Klawer to Cape Peninsula Sand Plain Fynbos; mainly coastal 

FABACEAE Aspalathus spinescens Vredendal to Mamre Sand Plain Fynbos, mainly coastal; southern limit of recorded 

distribution 

FABACEAE Aspalathus ternata Lambert’s Bay to Cape Peninsula West Coast endemic; coastal sands 

FABACEAE Indigofera procumbens Lambert’s Bay to Cape Flats Near West Coast endemic 

FABACEAE Otholobium bracteolatum Saldanha to Grahamstown Coastal sands and limestones 

FABACEAE Psoralea repens Cape Peninsula to Eastern Cape Northern extension of recorded distribution; mainly coastal 

dunes 

GENTIANACEAE Orphium frutescens Lambert’s Bay to George Coastal sands (wetlands) 

GENTIANACEAE Sebaea albens Piketberg to Albertinia Damp sandy coastal flats 

GERANIACEAE Pelargonium capitatum Lambert’s Bay to KwaZulu-Natal Coastal dunes and flats 

GERANIACEAE Pelargonium gibbosum Namaqualand to Cape Peninsula Broad West Coast endemic; mainly coastal sands 

LAMIACEAE Salvia africana-lutea Namaqualand to Eastern Cape Coastal dunes and slopes 

LAMIACEAE Salvia lanceolata Namaqualand to Cape Peninsula and 

Montagu 

Mainly coastal sands and rocky outcrops 

MALVACEAE Hermannia pinnata Velddrif to Cape Peninsula West Coast endemic; sandy coastal flats 

MALVACEAE Hermannia procumbens Bokbaai to Cape Peninsula Local West Coast endemic 

77 




MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Amphibolia laevis Vredendal to Melkbosstrand West Coast endemic; coastal sands and rocky outcrops 

MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Carpobrotus acinaciformis Saldanha to Mossel Bay Coastal sands 

MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Dorotheanthus apetalus Yzerfontein to Cape Agulhas Coastal flats 

MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Jordaaniella dubia Elandsbaai to Mossel Bay Coastal sands 

MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Lampranthus multiradiatus Cape Peninsula Northern extension of recorded distribution; broad West Coast 

endemic 

MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Ruschia indecora Melkbosstrand to Cape Peninsula Local West Coast endemic; slight northern extension of 

recorded distribution 

MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Ruschia macowanii Yzerfontein to Agulhas Coastal endemic 

MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Ruschia misera Clanwilliam Extension of recorded distribution to the south and west 

MYRICACEAE Morella cordifolia Yzerfontein to Eastern cape Coastal sands and limestones 

MYRICACEAE Morella quercifolia Namaqualand to the Eastern Cape Mainly coastal sands and limestones 

OLEACEAE Olea exasperata Cape Peninsula to Eastern Cape Coastal thicket on sand and limestone; northern extension of 

range 

OROBANCHACEAE Harveya squamosa Lambert’s Bay to Kleinmond Mainly coastal sands 

PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago crassifolia Saldanha Bay to tropical Africa Coastal sands and limestones, in wetlands and damp places 

PLUMBAGINACEAE Afrolimon peregrinum Namaqualand to Melkbosstrand Coastal dunes; southern limit of distribution 

PLUMBAGINACEAE Afrolimon purpuratum Mamre to Durbanville Sandy coastal flats; western extension of recorded distribution 

PLUMBAGINACEAE Limonium equisetinum Namaqualand to Bokbaai Sandy coastal flats; southern limit of recorded distribution 

PROTEACEAE Leucadendron cf. levisanus Mamre to Cape Flats Damp sandy coastal flats; West Coast and Cape Flats 

endemic 

RHAMNACEAE Phylica ericoides Saldanha to Port Elizabeth Coastal dunes and limestones 

RHAMNACEAE Phylica harveyi Piketberg to Cape Peninsula Coastal sands; near West Coast endemic 

ROSACEAE Cliffortia falcata Cape Peninsula to Knysna Coastal sands; northern extension of recorded distribution 

RUBIACEAE Anthospermum prostratum Saldanha to Port Elizabeth Mainly coastal dunes 

RUTACEAE Diosma dichotoma Hopefield to Cape Flats Mainly coastal sands; near West Coast endemic 

78 




SANTALACEAE Thesium spicatum Cape Peninsula to Riviersonderend 

Mountains 

Northern extension of recorded range 

SCROPHULARIACEAE Hemimeris sabulosa Namaqualand to Stilbaai Sandy coastal flats 

SCROPHULARIACEAE Lyperia lychnidea Saldanha Bay to Stilbaai Coastal thicket on sand 

SCROPHULARIACEAE Manulea rubra Velddrif to Somerset West Coastal sandy flats 

SCROPHULARIACEAE Manulea thyrsiflora Velddrif to Blaauwberg; De Hoop to 

Stilbaai 

Coastal dune thicket 

SCROPHULARIACEAE Manulea tomentosa Saldanha Bay to Pearly Beach Coastal sands 

SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia bicornis Namaqualand to Stilbaai Coastal sands 

SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia strumosa Hopefield to Melkbosstrand Southern limit of recorded distribution 

SCROPHULARIACEAE 

Phyllopodium 

phyllopodioides 

Southern Namaqualand to Saldanha Bay 

Southern extension of recorded distribution 

SCROPHULARIACEAE Polycarena capensis Hopefield to Cape Peninsula Near West Coast endemic 

SCROPHULARIACEAE Polycarena lilacina Piketberg to Bokbaai Southern limit of recorded distribution 

SCROPHULARIACEAE Zaluzianskya villosa Langebaan to Pearly Beach Coastal sands 

SOLANACEAE Solanum africanum Cape Peninsula to KwaZulu-Natal Coastal dune thicket 

THYMELAEACEAE Passerina ericoides Blaauwberg to Hermanus Northern extension of recorded distribution; coastal dunes 

THYMELAEACEAE Passerina paleacea Saldanha Bay to Agulhas Coastal sands 

THYMELAEACEAE Passerina rigida Cape Peninsula to KwaZulu-Natal Coastal dunes 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Zygophyllum flexuosum Velddrif to Knysna Coastal sands and limestones 

79 




MONOCOTYLEDONS 

ASPHODELACEAE Trachyandra ciliata Namibia to Grahamstown Coastal sands 

ASPHODELACEAE Trachyandra divaricata Namaqualand to Port Alfred Coastal dunes and sandy flats 

ASPHODELACEAE Trachyandra sabulosa Hopefield to Cape Agulhas Coastal sandy flats 

CYPERACEAE Ficinia argyropa Namaqualand to Riversdale Mainly sandy coastal flats 

CYPERACEAE Ficinia lateralis Cape Peninsula to Eastern Cape Northern extension of recorded distribution; coastal sands 

CYPERACEAE Ficinia pygmaea Lambert’s Bay to Bredasdorp Coastal dunes 

CYPERACEAE Hellmuthia membranacea Saldanha to Knysna Coastal dunes 

CYPERACEAE Isolepis antarctica Cape Peninsula to Langeberg Mountains Northern extension of recorded distribution 

CYPERACEAE Isolepis cernua Cape Peninsula to Langeberg Mountains Northern extension of recorded distribution 

CYPERACEAE Isolepis venustula Cape Peninsula to Caledon Northern extension of recorded distribution; damp coastal flats 

CYPERACEAE Scirpoides thunbergii Cape Peninsula to Eastern Cape Northern extension of recorded distribution; damp coastal flats 

; damp coastal flats 

HYACINTHACEAE Albuca flaccida Southern Namaqualand to Stilbaai Mainly coastal sands 

HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia bulbifera Klawer to Mossel Bay Sandy flats and slopes , mainly coastal 

HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia variegata Clanwilliam to Cape Peninsula Mainly coastal sands 

IRIDACEAE Gladiolus cunonius Saldanha to Knysna Coastal dunes 

ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium carneum Cape Peninsula to Riverdale Northern extension of recorded distribution; coastal flats, 

usually in damp areas 

POACEAE Cladoraphis cyperoides Angola to Cape Peninsula Coastal dunes 

POACEAE Ehrharta villosa St Helena Bay to Port Elizabeth Mainly coastal dunes 

POACEAE Pentaschistis barbata Elandsbaai to Betty’s Bay and Knysna Mainly coastal sands 

POACEAE Sporobolus virginicus Throughout South Africa; cosmopolitan Damp coastal sands, beaches, estuaries 

80 




RESTIONACEAE Calopsis fruticosa Cape Peninsula to Stilbaai Coastal sands and limestones 

RESTIONACEAE Elegia coleura Cape Peninsula to Humansdorp Northern extension of recorded distribution 

RESTIONACEAE Elegia microcarpa Melkbosstrand to Port Elizabeth Coastal sands and limestones 

RESTIONACEAE Elegia recta Cape Peninsula to Agulhas Northern extension of recorded distribution 

RESTIONACEAE Ischyrolepis eleocharis Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth Northern extension of recorded distribution; mainly coastal 

sands 

RESTIONACEAE Thamnochortus spicigerus Saldanha Peninsula to Cape Peninsula West Coast and Cape Flats endemic; coastal sands 

1 after Goldblatt & Manning (2000); SaSFlora (1998 – 2007); Proteaceae after Rebelo (1995) 

2 unofficially, and based on personal observation, at least two forms (here termed subspecies) recognised on the West Coast: the stout and heavily tubercled E.caput-medusae subsp. 

caput-medusae, and the slender E.caput-medusae subsp. marlothiana, recorded at Koeberg 

81 




APPENDIX 3. EXPLANATION OF 

SITE ABBREVIATIONS IN FIGURES 

7, 8, 9 & 15 


botanical specialists ecological analysis environmental management impact assessment 

82


SITE FULL SITE NAME 

FIGURE 7 (primary dunes) 

CAPE FLATS 

CAPRICRN PK 

MACASSR 

CAPRICORN PARK 

MACASSAR DUNE 

CAPE PENINSULA 

FISH HK 

FISH HOEK BEACH FRONT 

HT BAY 559 HOUT BAY ERF 559 

LOWER WEST COAST 

BIG BAY 

BIG BAY 

EERSTESTN EERSTESTEEN 

KOEBERG KOEBERG 

SIXTN ML BCH SIXTEEN MILE BEACH 

TYGERFONTEIN TYGERFONTEIN FARM (SOUTH OF YZERFONTEIN) 

WOODBRDG WOODBRIDGE ISLAND 

SALDANHA PENINSULA/LANGEBAAN 

LONGBCH LONGBEACH 

TRANSNET TRANSNET 

TREKOSKRL TREKOSKRAAL 

MIDDLE WEST COAST 

IE MOND 

DIE MOND (SOUTH OF BERG RIVER MOUTH) 

LAAIPLEK 

LAAIPLEK 

LANGDAM LANGDAM FARM, BETWEEN ELANDSBAAI AND ROCHER PAN 

ROCHER PAN ROCHER PAN NATURE RESERVE 

UPPER WEST COAST 

ELANDSBAAI ELANDSBAAI NORTH 

FIGURE 8 (stable dunes) 

CAPE FLATS 

MACASSR CLIP 

MACASSR MOD STAB 

MACASSR STAB 

MITCHLS PLN 

PHIL-STRNFNTN 

SCHPKRL 1 

SCHPKRL 2 

SCHPKRL 3 

SCHPKRL 4 

SCHPKRL 5 

SCHPKRL 6 

WESTRDG 644 

MACASSAR CLIPPED DUNE THICKET 

MACASSAR MODERATELY STABLE DUNES 

MACASSAR STABLE DUNES 

MITCHELL’S PLAIN DUNES 

PHILIPPI-STRANDFONTEIN DUNES 

CAPRICORN PARK 

PELICAN PARK 

SCHAAPKRAAL SAND MINES 

STRANDFONTEIN VILLAGE EAST 

MITCHELL’S PLAIN SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (NORTH) 

MITCHELL’S PLAIN SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (SOUTH) 

WESTRIDGE FLATS ERF 644 (MITCHELL’S PLAIN) 

83 




WESTRDG 13825 WESTRIDGE ERF 13825 




WOLFGAT NR 

WOLFGAT NATURE RESERVE 


SLANGKOP 

WILDEVOELVLEI 

SLANGKOP (CAPE PENINSULA) 

WILDEVOELVLEI 


ATL BCH DWT 

ATLANTIC BEACH DWARF THICKET 

ATL BCH TLT 

ATLANTIC BEACH TALL THICKET 

BCA DT 

BLAAUWBERG CONSERVATION AREA DUNE THICKET 

BIG BAY BACK 

BIG BAY STABLE BACK DUNES 

BIG BAY DWT 

BIG BAY DWARF THICKET 

BIG BAY MID 

BIG BAY STABLE MID DUNES 

BLBRG DWT ERVEN BLAAUWBERG DWARF THICKET – ERVEN 307 & 604 

KOEBERG K6 

KOEBERG DWARF THICKET 

KOEBERG K7 

KOEBERG SITE K7 (PARABOLIC DUNE RIDGE) 

KOEBERG K9 

KOEBERG SITE 9 (UNDULATING PARABOLICS) 

MELKBOS 1694 

MELKBOSSTRAND ERF 1694 – WESTERN DUNE RIDGE 

SIXTN ML BCH 

SIXTEEN MILE BEACH 

TYGERFNTH STAB TYGERFONTEIN STABLE DUNES 

WITZAND 

WITZAND DUNEFIELD 


LONGBCH INL 

LONGBEACH STABLE INLAND DUNE 

LONGBCH STAB 

LONGBEACH STABLE DUNE 

TREKOSKRL 

TREKOSKRAAL 

MIDDLE WEST COAST 

DIE MOND 

LAAIPLEK 

LANGDAM 

ROCHER PAN 

DIE MOND 

LAAIPLEK 

LANGDAM FARM 

ROCHER PAN NATURE RESERVE 


ELANDSBAAI 

ELANDSBAAI NORTH 

LANGVL RIV 1 LANGVLEI RIVER SITE 1 

LANGVL RIV 9 LANGVLEI RIVER SITE 9 

84 




FIGURE 9 (sand plain fynbos; dune thicket/sand plain fynbos transition) 

CAPE FLATS/TYGERBERG 

CENT CITY 

CENTURY CITY 

DURBNVL RC 

DURBANVILLE RACE COURSE 

HAASENDL 

HAASENDAL 

KENWRTH RC 

KENILWORTH RACE COURSE 

MEADOWRDG COM MEADOWRIDGE COMMON 

MILNTN RC 

MILNERTON RACE COURSE 

PENHILL 

PENHILL 

PLATTEKLP NHS PLATTEKLOOF NATURAL HERITAGE SITE 

RONDEBOSCH COM RONDEBOSCH COMMON 

SIX BOD 

SIX BATTALION ORDNANCE DEPOT 

TOKAI FOR 

TOKAI FOREST 

WINGFIELD 

WINGFIELD 



SLANGKOP 

SLANGKOP 

WILDEVLVL 

WILDEVOELVLEI 


BCA SPF 

BLAAUWBERG CONSERVATION AREA: SAND PLAIN FYNBOS 

BRAKFNTN 

BRAKKEFONTEIN 

BUFFLSRIV 

BUFFELSRIVIER 

FBOS CORR ATL FYNBOS CORRIDOR (ATLANTIS) 

FBOS CORR BBRG FYNBOS CORRIDOR (BLAAUWBERG) 

KOEBRG DT/SPF KOEBERG: DUNE THICKET/SAND PLAIN FYNBOS 

KOEBRG SPF 

KOEBERG: SAND PLAIN FYNBOS 

MELKBOS 2003 RDG MELKBOSSTRAND ERF 2003 DUNE RIDGE 

MELKBOS 2003 FLTS MELKBOSSTRAND ERF 2003 FLATS 

MELKBOS 1694 MELKBOSSTRAND ERF 1694 

MELKBOS 1718 MELKBOSSTRAND ERF 1718 

PAPEKL OUTSPN PAPEKUIL OUTSPAN (ATLANTIS) 

PELLA 

PELLA NATURE RESERVE 

POTSDAM 

POTSDAM (DIEP RIVER) 

SAXONWOLD 

SAXONWOLD (ATLANTIS) 

SCHOONGEZCHT SCHOONGEZICHT FARM 

SILWERSTRM 

SILWERSTROOM WELLFIELD 

VYGEVALLEI 

VYGEVALLEI FARM 


PHILLIPSKRL 

PHILLIPSKRAAL FARM 

WITTEKLP 123 

WITTEKLIP 123 FARM 


botanical specialists ecological analysis environmental management impact assessment 

85



LANGVL RIV TERR LANGVLEI RIVER - TERRESTRIAL 

MATJIESGDDRIF MATJIESGOEDDRIF 

SANDVELD 

LANGRIETVLEI 

THEEFONTEIN 

LANGRIETVLEI FARM 

THEEFONTEIN FARM 

FIGURE 15 (wetlands) 

CAPE FLATS 

CENT CITY 

CENTURY CITY 

DRFTSNDS NR 

DRIFTSANDS NATURE RESERVE 

EDITHSTPHNS 

EDITH STEPHENS NATURE RESERVE 

ERIV 582&5890 EERSTE RIVER ERVEN 582 & 5890 

KENWRTH RC 

KENILWORTH RACE COURSE 

KHAY WETL 

KHAYELITSHA WETLAND 

NOOIENSFNTN VL NOOIENSFONTEIN VLEI 

PHIL580 WETL PHILIPPI ERF 580 

RONDEVLEI 

RONDEVLEI 

STRAND 18834 STRAND ERF 18834 

VERGENGD 

VERGENOEGD FARM 

WESTLAKE 

WESTLAKE 



LAKE MICHL 

LAKE MICHELLE 

LAKE MICHL-PAPKLS LAKE MICHELLE-PAPKUILSVLEI INTERFACE 

PAPKLSVLEI 

PAPKUILSVLEI 

SUN VALLEY 

SUN VALLEY 

WILDEVLVL 

WILDEVOELVLEI 


JAKKLSFNTN 

JAKKALSFONTEIN FARM 

KOEBRG DT/SPF KOEBERG DUNE THICKET/SAND PLAIN FYNBOS 

KOEBRG K10 KOEBERG SITE 10 

MODDR RIV SEEP MODDER RIVER SEEP 

PBMR WETL 

KOEBERG PEBBLE BED REACTOR SITE WETLAND 

RONDEBERG 

RONDEBERG FLATS FARM 

SILWRSTRM 

SILWERSTROOM WELLFIELD SEEP 


JAKRIV SITE 1 

LANGVL RIV SITE 11 

LANGVL RIV SITE 8 

LANGVL RIV SITE 9 

JAKKALS RIVER SITE 1 (LAMBERT’S BAY) 

LANGVLEI RIVER SITE 11 (LAMBERT’S BAY) 

LANGVLEI RIVER SITE 8 (LAMBERT’S BAY) 

LANGVLEI RIVER SITE 9 (LAMBERT’S BAY) 

86

Appendix X - Flora FINAL 11 - PBMR

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