Wastewater Irrigation in Gujarat - People in Centre Consulting

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4. Farmers in Bedi village of Rajkot claim that the yield of wheat grown using wastewater is almost double of the yield of wheat grown using other sources of irrigation in Gujarat. C. Salient Features of Cropping Pattern 1. The cropping patterns in almost all the villages using wastewater exhibit that the land use is maximized for cropping throughout the year with assured supply of it for irrigation. The farms are kept fallow only for a small period to enable drying up and preparation for sowing in monsoon. The ratio of net area irrigated to gross area irrigated with wastewater ranges from 1.4 to 2.4, indicating that the fields are at least sown more than once and sometimes three times. In addition, the crop density especially, for fodder crops increases when irrigated with wastewater. 2. In absence of chilling facilities and cold storages, high value crops like vegetable, flowers and milk must be produced as close to the consumers as possible. Therefore, the peri-urban areas of the cities are ideal for producing such crops. The distance to reach the markets also reduces considerably for the crops grown in these areas. Hence, these areas are very important producers and suppliers for daily needs of the adjoining cities. Further, fodder cultivation and thus milk production is suited to wastewater irrigation as the fodder crops are more tolerant to cosmetic and other chemicals of the domestic sewage. It is observed that the areas near the cities have seen proliferation of farms growing fodder, flowers and vegetables for fulfilling the need of the cities. As one goes further, other crops like BT cotton, castor, groundnut, paddy and wheat are grown. 3. When farmers find that the wastewater they can access has too many chemicals, beyond the tolerance limits of crops, they do not use it any further for irrigation as in the villages of Ropda and Vinzol in the vicinity of the city of Ahmedabad. 54
Agricultural Area, Receipts and Cash Profit with Wastewater Irrigation in Gujarat As part of the study, the use of wastewater, agricultural yields of crops irrigated through wastewater, expenses and profits were estimated as detailed in earlier chapters. This section would cumulate earlier details to arrive at a scenario of wastewater use in the state of Gujarat. Extent of Wastewater Use for Irrigation Table 31 provides data on agricultural yields and profits with wastewater irrigation in all the cities together. This represents bulk of wastewater use for irrigation in agriculture. Table 31: Extent of Wastewater Use ifor Irrigation in Peripheral Villages of MAjor Cities of Gujarat Sr. No. 11 Cities whose surrounding villages use wastewater for irrigation No. of villages availing wastewater forirrigation (including the city itself) Net irrigated area (in ha) Wastewat er irrigated net area (in ha) 1 Ahmedabad 45 21086 9450 45 2 Bhavnagar 1 391 195 50 3 Bhuj 2 619 248 40 4 Gandhinagar 7 2251 769 34 5 Rajkot 16 6921 3252 47 6 Surat 4 745 70 9 7 Vadodara 19 6001 3875 65 Total 94 38,014 17,859 47 Source: Field study, 2012 % of wastewate r irrigated area Following factors are the reasons to governing the extent of wastewater use in the vicinity of cities for irrigation: 1. The availability of irrigation water: The villages on the periphery of Surat city have abundant irrigation water available through Ukai Kakarapar irrigation scheme. They do not need to irrigate with wastewater, which would result in higher costs for lifting it. However, few fields, where wastewater is accessible and canal water does not reach, there it is used for irrigation. Largely, this is disposal from Bhesan and Ichhapur STPs. 2. Availability and quality of groundwater: There are places, where groundwater is available at economically prohibitive depths or is too saline for agricultural 55
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure.1:.Methodolo
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Pollution Control Board (CPCB), sew
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Page 16 and 17: Identification of Sewage Treatment
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Page 30 and 31: Table 5: Sewage Treatment Scenario
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Page 34 and 35: any drainage. Hence, the major chun
Page 36 and 37: Table 9: Bhuj Area, Receipts and Ca
Page 38 and 39: As per the House listing and Househ
Page 40 and 41: Crops and Productivity It was found
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Page 44 and 45: Figure 7: Map of Extent of Wastewat
Page 46 and 47: Table 18: Net and Gross Area, Recei
Page 48 and 49: drainage. Hence, the major chunk of
Page 50 and 51: Although area irrigated with wastew
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Page 54 and 55: Table below provides a snapshot of
Page 56 and 57: Crops and Productivity It was found
Page 58 and 59: Table 28: Comparison of Wastewater
Page 62 and 63: these treatment systems are much lo
Page 66 and 67: use. These places use wastewater fo
Page 68 and 69: The section below provides the expl
Page 70 and 71: for using wastewater. Hence, suitab
Page 74 and 75: 11. Swarup, D., Dwivedi, S.K. and D
Page 76 and 77: 15. Mr. Gadhavi Assistant, Jaspar G
Page 78: Farmers No. Name of the Farmer Name
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