Model Independent Search for Deviations from the Standard Model ...

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14 The Theoretical Foundations containing n p particles and n p particles, respectively. The prole of the beam cycling with a frequency f can be described by its widths σ x and σ y ; luminosity is given by: l = f · B n p n p . 4π σ x σ y (1.23) The beam optics of the accelerator make sure that the prole of the beam is minimized within the detector using focusing magnets, thus leading to high luminosity and high event rates. Asdataarerecordedduringacertainamountoftime [t 1 , t 2 ], expression1.22hastobeintegrated. Thequantity L = ∫ t 2 t 1 ldt iscalledintegratedluminosity(unit[1 µb −1 =10 30 cm ]) and is a measure of the amount of events seen by the experiment. −2 The cross section σ of a certain Standard Model process, e.g. W-production, characterizes how probable this interaction is if the two initial particles collide. It has the unit of an area (1 pb=10 −36 cm ) which suggests the association of two balls with a certain prole colliding. If this surface 2 is large, then a deection is probable. As elementary particles interact via the fundamental forces, the cross section is a measure of the strengths of these forces and the probability of a certain interaction. If this probability is large and the luminosity of the beam relatively high, then large event rates can be expected of this specic process.
Chapter 2 Tevatron and the DØ-Detector 2.1 The Tevatron Accelerator This analysis is part of the international DØ-collaboration, one of the biggest experiments in particle physics in the world. Together with the second big experiment (CDF), both detectorsarelocatedat FERMILAB(FNAL,FermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratory),named after the Nobel Prize winner Enrico Fermi, who lived and worked in Chicago. Fermilab is located at an area of 27.5 km in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois. Figure 2.1 shows an aerial view of the whole laboratory 2 terrain. One can easily see the two big rings, the Main Injector (lower ring) and the Tevatron (upper ring). The Tevatron is a proton-antiproton collider at the world's highest center of mass energy of √ s = 1.96 TeV. Besides this big machine and its two detectors DØ and CDF, various other experiments like MINOS and MiniBooNE are located at Fermilab, and the rest of the site is a natural reserve and even accommodates a herd of American bison. Fermilab was founded on November 21, 1967, under the Director R. Wilson. During its existence excellent research has been performed which resulted in several groundbreaking discoveries. Three major components of the Standard Model were discovered at Fermilab: The bottom quark (May-June 1977), and the top quark (February 1995) in Collider Run I. In July 2000, Fermilab experimenters announced the rst direct observation of the tau neutrino, the last part of the three generations of matter to be observed. With the inauguration of Collider Run II of the Tevatron in March 2001 along with the DØ-detector Run II upgrade, discoveries like the Higgs, as the nal slot of the Standard Model, and the detection of New Physics were aimed. The Machine Operation The Tevatron is a collider which has been upgraded several times in order to reach new frontiers in energy and luminosity. The old Tevatron tunnel was recycled for Run I and II, and the whole complex of the Main Injector had to be built in order to reach the design instantaneous luminosity of l = 5 · 10 31 cm −2 s for Run II. With a radius of −1 1 km
Page 1: Model Independent Search for Deviat
Page 4 and 5: Contents 4 The Data Sample and Obje
Page 7 and 8: Introduction Science attempts to de
Page 10 and 11: 4 The Theoretical Foundations 1.1.2
Page 12 and 13: 6 The Theoretical Foundations e - e
Page 14 and 15: 8 The Theoretical Foundations Figur
Page 16 and 17: 10 The Theoretical Foundations Figu
Page 18 and 19: 12 The Theoretical Foundations 1.3
Page 22 and 23: 16 Tevatron and the DØ-Detector Fi
Page 28 and 29: 22 Tevatron and the DØ-Detector 1/
Page 30 and 31: 24 Tevatron and the DØ-Detector 2.
Page 32 and 33: 26 Tevatron and the DØ-Detector of
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 The Concept of Model Inde
Page 37 and 38: 3.2. Concept 31 viations from SM. T
Page 39: 3.2. Concept 33 cal problem as many
Page 42 and 43: 36 The Data Sample and Object Ident
Page 50 and 51: muon_trackchi_pt_py Entries 5727 mu
Page 54 and 55: jet_eta_phi_px Entries 29768 Mean j
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 5 Monte Carlo Samples 5.1 M
Page 59 and 60: 5.1. MC Generator 53 Figure 5.3: Sc
Page 61 and 62: 5.2. SM-Processes 55 SM-process (M
Page 63 and 64: 5.3. Energy Scale and Smearing 57 J
Page 65: 5.3. Energy Scale and Smearing 59 e
Page 68 and 69: 62 General Data↔MonteCarlo Compar
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64 General Data↔MonteCarlo Compar
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90 Search Algorithm oer sucient sen
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92 Search Algorithm probability 0.0
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94 Search Algorithm 7.2.2 The Princ
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Chapter 8 Systematic Uncertainties
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8.3. QCD-Background 99 Whendicingda
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8.5. Smearing 101 Here N j i (σ+ )
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8.6. Summary of the Different Contr
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106 Results and Interpretation Figu
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108 Results and Interpretation Even
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110 Results and Interpretation even
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112 Results and Interpretation Anat
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114 Results and Interpretation To c
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116 Results and Interpretation Resu
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120 Results and Interpretation Even
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124 Results and Interpretation Resu
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Chapter 10 Conclusion In this diplo
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Appendix A Trigger Denitions Electr
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131 Muon-triggers for lists up to v
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134 Bibliography [19] A. Aktas et a
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Acknowledgements So, the end is nea
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