Decentralization and Corruption in the Philippines

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Table 9. The Philippines: Explaining Waiting Time at and Satisfaction with Government Health Clinics The model also include the following variables: urban dummy, education of households, income of households, delay in salary payments of public officials. The coefficients are insignificant and not reported. Coefficients for regression for each independent variable; t-statistics in parentheses. *** significant at 1%, ** significant at 5%, * significant at 10% . Household survey (HH), municipal health officials survey (PO), health clinic survey (CL). Read Local Newspaper 0.08 (0.95) Read National Newspaper -0.03 (-0.39) Vote in Local Election -0.09 (-0.78) Vote in National Election 0.02 (0.12) Migrate if Health Services Poor -0.03 (-0.96) Supply of Medicine (CL) 0.19** (2.35) Log of Number of Personnel at the -6.39* Clinic (CL) (-1.91) Knows the Required Immunizations 0.02 (CL) (0.26) Allocation of Funds by the National -0.90 Govt. Based on Health Related (-0.57) Criteria (PO) Freedom to Adjust (PO) 0.12 (1.31) Freedom to Adjust (CL) 0.03 (0.64) Accountability (PO) -0.02 (-0.15) Accountability (CL) 0.11 (0.97) Social Pressure against Corruption 0.10** (PO) (2.42) Corruption at the Municipal Level -0.28* (PO) (-1.66) Satisfaction with Government Health Clinic Random WLS Effects (w=no.of obs (Group: in mun.) Province) WLS (w=no.of obs in mun.) Waiting Time Random Effects (Group: Province) Satisfaction+Waiting Time WLS (w=no.of obs in mun.) Random Effects (Group: Province) 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 0.12 (1.40) -0.04 (-0.52) -0.09 (-0.93) 0.02 (0.12) -0.04 (-0.89) 0.20** (2.15) -6.41 (-1.47) 0.02 (0.21) -1.02 (-0.58) -0.04 (-2.18)** -0.01 (-0.12) 0.01 (0.34) -0.02 (-0.82) 0.00 (0.74) -0.04*** (-3.04) 2.39* (1.88) 0.03** (2.08) 0.27 (0.72) -0.03 (-2.08)** 0.00 (0.04) 0.01 (0.52) -0.03 (-1.15) 0.00 (0.54) -0.04** (-2.18) 2.12*** (2.63) 0.03* (1.74) 0.20 (0.58) 0.09* (1.78) -0.02 (-0.48) -0.04 (-0.47) 0.00 (0.05) -0.02 (-0.78) 0.03*** (2.78) -1.85** (-2.68) -0.01 (-0.85) -0.11 (-0.75) 0.10 (1.40) -0.04 (-0.52) -0.08 (-0.56) 0.01 (0.09) -0.06 (-0.98) 0.03*** (2.89) -0.90*** (-2.78) -0.00 (-0.52) -0.08 (-0.69) 0.07 (0.69) 0.01 (0.29) 0.01 (0.72) 0.01 0.89) 0.01 (0.54) 0.02 0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.01 (0.30) (0.77) (1.25) (-0.74) (-0.98) 0.04 0.05** 0.05* -0.01 -0.01 (0.30) (1.99) (1.85) (-1.22) (-1.25) 0.14 -0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.01 (1.55) (-0.32) (-0.49) (1.35) (1.52) 0.12** -0.00 -0.00 0.02* 0.01* (2.37) (-0.31) (-0.24) (1.95) (1.80) -0.25 0.03 0.03 -0.02** -0.02* (-1.46) (1.05) (1.09) (-1.95) (-1.88) N 133 133 133 133 133 133 F((15,117) 2.08*** 1.84** 2.87*** Chi Square (15) 28.0* 40.63*** 49.12*** R2 within 0.15 0.21 0.26 R2 between 0.38 0.43 0.50 R2 overall 0.22 0.20 0.29 0.27 0.32 0.34 32
Figure 5 coef = -.89718686, se = .34197993, t = -2.72 3.48967 Log(personnel) e( satis | X) -4.2275 -.838649 1.56138 e( log_pers | X ) 1.46687 coef = .02842297, se = .009763448, t = 2.87 Availability of Medicine e( satis | X) -2.06335 -45.3511 35.3125 e( medic | X ) 1.42399 coef = -.02138768, se = .011678576, t = -1.88 Corruption at the Municipal Level e( satis | X) -1.97481 -17.5521 25.5879 e( corruption | X ) 33
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Page 3 and 4: with kickbacks passed up to the Pre
Page 5 and 6: delivery of primary health services
Page 7 and 8: correlated across surveys. We would
Page 9 and 10: Our meritocracy variable was based
Page 11 and 12: perceptions of corruption using ans
Page 13 and 14: Voting in local elections is highly
Page 15 and 16: objective than other measures we us
Page 17 and 18: variables we have used in this pape
Page 19 and 20: Social differences -an index compos
Page 21 and 22: Bibliography Batalla, Eric, The Soc
Page 23 and 24: Summary Means Table 2 Municipal Lev
Page 25 and 26: Table 3: Cleaning Corruption Percep
Page 27 and 28: Table 6. The Causes of Corruption C
Page 29 and 30: Figure 3 coef = .29191276, se = .13
Page 31: Figure 4 70.4816 coef = -.20608973,
Page 35 and 36: Figure 6 Immunization coef = -.4707
Page 37: Figure 7 coef = -.2679257, se = .18

Decentralization and Corruption in the Philippines

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