Decentralization and Corruption in the Philippines

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Table 10: Explaining Change in Occurrence of Diseases Increase in Immunization Increase in Immunization Random Effect Decrease in Measles Decrease in Measles Random Effec Health Performance 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Health Performance Random Effec Urban 6.18 6.78 12.76 12.10 8.92 8.61 (0.65) (0.71) (1.20) (1.08) (1.44) (1.39) Education (HH) 0.89 0.86 -0.36 -0.32 0.44 0.45 (2.03)** (2.10)** (-0.76) (-0.67) (1.41) (1.70)* Log(income per capita) (HH) -9.45 -9.38 0.51 -0.15 -10.88 -11.38 (-1.09) (-0.99) (0.01) (-0.01) (-1.85)* (-1.85)* Vote in Local Elections (HH) -0.15 -0.14 0.28 0.27 0.10 0.09 (-0.74) (-0.66) (1.06) (1.08) (0.66) (0.68) Read National Newspapers -0.31 0.30 -0.35 -0.34 -0.11 -0.13 (-1.94)* (-1.89)* (-1.77)* (-1.79)* (-1.31) (-1.28) Read Local Newspapers 0.27 0.28 -0.32 -0.33 0.01 0.01 (1.21) (1.57) (-1.76)* (-1.56) (0.07) (0.07) Listen Radio -0.06 -0.06 0.09 0.09 0.03 0.04 (-0.62) (-0.59) (0.70) (0.77) (0.46) (0.58) Go to Private Clinics (HH) -0.07 -0.08 0.34 0.34 0.06 0.07 (-0.48) (-0.60) (1.85)* (2.07)** (0.65) (0.72) Ethnic Polarization (HH) 0.11 0.12 0.43 0.43 0.15 0.15 (0.93) (0.91) (2.53)** (2.82)*** (2.12)** (1.75)* Supply of Immunization (CL) -0.01 -0.02 0.06 0.02 -0.01 -0.02 (-0.10) (-0.20) (0.24) (0.17) (-0.10) (-0.24) Log of Number of Personnel at the Clinic (CL) 12.74 (1.86)* 12.40 (1.50) 8.27 (0.82) 8.48 (0.87) 4.69 (0.88) 4.80 (0.89) Knows the Required Immunizations (CL) 0.16 0.15 0.42 0.42 0.25 0.26 (0.95) (0.97) (2.54)** (2.30)** (2.76)*** (2.51)*** Allocation of Funds by the National Govt. Based on Health Related Criteria (PO) 2.80 (0.75) 2.64 (0.66) -0.27 (-0.06) -0.51 (-0.11) 4.55 (2.16)** 4.35 (1.67)* Capacity (PO) -0.28 -0.26 -0.46 -0.46 0.03 0.03 (-0.89) (-1.01) (-1.41) (-1.51) (0.19) (0.18) Freedom to Adjust (PO) 0.02 0.03 0.29 0.28 0.19 0.19 (-0.11) (0.18) (1.21) (1.30) (1.74)* (1.59) Freedom to Adjust (CL) -0.22 -0.23 -0.06 -0.07 -0.04 -0.05 (-1.86)* (-1.18) (-0.26) (-0.30) (-0.35) (-0.38) Accountability (PO) -0.30 -0.32 0.03 0.02 -0.04 -0.05 (-1.38) (-1.43) (0.10) (0.07) (-0.20) (-0.33) Accountability (CL) 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.13 (0.36) (0.51) (0.54) (0.58) (1.01) (0.96) Delay in Salary Payments (CL) -0.25 -0.22 -0.13 -0.13 0.04 0.04 (-1.80)* (-1.45) (-0.66) (-0.72) (0.37) (0.38) Corruption at the Municipal Level (HH) -0.31 -0.30 -0.40 -0.40 -0.16 -0.17 (-1.73)* (-1.59) (-1.90)* (-1.82)* (-1.52) (-1.35) Theft at Government Clinics (HH) -0.31 -0.32 0.29 0.28 -0.11 -0.12 (-1.88)* (-1.32) (0.68) (1.00) (-0.41) (-0.77) Constant 60.56 59.30 -6.73 -1.77 46.97 50.25 (1.16) (0.93) (-0.08) (-0.02) (1.23) (1.21) N 78 78 78 78 78 F(21,56) 2.36*** 3.82*** 2.16** Chi_Sq(21) 29.83* 41.79*** 31.54* R2 within 0.25 0.33 0.29 R2 between 0.46 0.60 0.51 R2 overall 0.36 0.35 0.43 0.43 0.36 0.36 t stats below coefficients 34
Figure 6 Immunization coef = -.47072622, se = .31115081, t = -1.51 63.5451 e( perfo1_a | X) -40.511 -15.6859 23.3512 e( cor2_po | X ) Measles 42.0201 coef = .42111154, se = .18366567, t = 2.29 e( perfo6_a | X) -78.3336 -50.4279 41.2031 e( know_a | X ) 47.0175 coef = -.40310981, se = .218771, t = -1.84 e( perfo6_a | X) -79.3904 -31.0892 32.7191 e( cor2_hh | X ) 35
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Page 3 and 4: with kickbacks passed up to the Pre
Page 5 and 6: delivery of primary health services
Page 7 and 8: correlated across surveys. We would
Page 9 and 10: Our meritocracy variable was based
Page 11 and 12: perceptions of corruption using ans
Page 13 and 14: Voting in local elections is highly
Page 15 and 16: objective than other measures we us
Page 17 and 18: variables we have used in this pape
Page 19 and 20: Social differences -an index compos
Page 21 and 22: Bibliography Batalla, Eric, The Soc
Page 23 and 24: Summary Means Table 2 Municipal Lev
Page 25 and 26: Table 3: Cleaning Corruption Percep
Page 27 and 28: Table 6. The Causes of Corruption C
Page 29 and 30: Figure 3 coef = .29191276, se = .13
Page 31 and 32: Figure 4 70.4816 coef = -.20608973,
Page 33: Figure 5 coef = -.89718686, se = .3
Page 37: Figure 7 coef = -.2679257, se = .18

Decentralization and Corruption in the Philippines

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