IV. Processes: Top-down and Bottom-up
IV. Processes: Top-down and Bottom-up
IV. Processes: Top-down and Bottom-up
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• <strong>Top</strong>-<strong>down</strong> techniques take a bulk material, machine it, modify it into the<br />
desired shape <strong>and</strong> product<br />
- classic example is manufacturing of integrated circuits<br />
using a sequence of steps sush as crystal growth, lithography, deposition,<br />
etching, CMP, ion implantation…<br />
⇑<br />
(Fundamentals of Microfabrication: The Science of<br />
Miniaturization, Marc J. Madou, CRC Press, 2002)<br />
⇓<br />
• <strong>Bottom</strong>-<strong>up</strong> techniques build something from basic materials<br />
- assembling from the atoms/molecules <strong>up</strong><br />
- not completely proven in manufacturing yet<br />
Examples:<br />
Self-assembly<br />
Sol-gel technology<br />
Deposition (old, but is used to obtain nanotubes, nanowires…)<br />
Manipulators (AFM, STM,….)<br />
3-D printers (http://web.mit.edu/tdp/www)
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