VDM-10 Language Manual

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$Course Material\Efficiently Coding Communication Protocols in C++ ...$

VDM-10 Language Manual 6 Expressions 41 6.1 Let Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.2 The Define Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 6.3 Unary and Binary Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.4 Conditional Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6.5 Quantified Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.6 The Iota Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.7 Set Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.8 Sequence Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.9 Map Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6.10 Tuple Constructor Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.11 Record Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 6.12 Apply Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6.13 The New Expression (VDM++ and VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 6.14 The Self Expression (VDM++ and VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6.15 The Threadid Expression (VDM++ and VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.16 The Lambda Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 6.17 Is Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6.18 Base Class Membership (VDM++ and VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 6.19 Class Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 6.20 Same Base Class Membership (VDM++ and VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 6.21 Same Class Membership (VDM++ and VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 6.22 History Expressions (VDM++ and VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 6.23 The Time Expression (VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6.24 Literals and Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 6.25 The Undefined Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 6.26 The Precondition Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 7 Patterns 73 8 Bindings 79 9 Value (Constant) Definitions 81 10 Instance Variables (VDM++ and VDM-RT) 83 11 The State Definition (VDM-SL) 85 12 Operation Definitions 89 12.1 Constructors (VDM++ and VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 iv
CONTENTS 13 Statements 97 13.1 Let Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 13.2 The Define Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 13.3 The Block Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 13.4 The Assignment Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 13.5 Conditional Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 13.6 For-Loop Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 13.7 The While-Loop Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 13.8 The Nondeterministic Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 13.9 The Call Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 13.10The Return Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 13.11Exception Handling Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 13.12The Error Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 13.13The Identity Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 13.14Start and Start List Statements (VDM++ and VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 13.15The Specification Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 13.16The Duration Statement (VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 13.17The Cycles Statement (VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 14 Top-level Specification (VDM++ and VDM-RT) 125 14.1 System (VDM-RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 14.2 Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 14.3 Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 14.4 Interface and Availability of Class Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 15 Synchronization Constraints (VDM++ and VDM-RT) 137 15.1 Permission Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 15.1.1 History guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 15.1.2 The object state guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 15.1.3 Queue condition guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 15.1.4 Evaluation of Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 15.2 Inheritance of Synchronization Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 15.2.1 Mutex constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 16 Threads (VDM++ and VDM-RT) 145 16.1 Periodic Thread Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 16.2 Procedural Thread Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 17 Top-level Specification (VDM-SL) 151 17.1 A Flat Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 17.2 A Structured Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 17.2.1 The Layout of a Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 17.2.2 The Exports Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 v
Page 1 and 2: Overture - Open-source Tools for Fo
Page 3: Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The V
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS A.7.19 The Undefined Expre
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 Introduction The Vienna D
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 2 Concrete Syntax Notation
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 3 Data Type Definitions As
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 3. Data Type Definitions We
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 3. Data Type Definitions Op
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 3. Data Type Definitions (a
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Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3. Data Type Definitions Sy
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3. Data Type Definitions Th
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3. Data Type Definitions to
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 4 Algorithm Definitions In
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 5 Function Definitions In t
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 5. Function Definitions Not
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 5. Function Definitions Thi
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 6 Expressions In this subse
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 6. Expressions ✡✝ mk_Sc
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 6. Expressions Examples: Th
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Chapter 6. Expressions where e1 is
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Chapter 6. Expressions all expressi
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Chapter 6. Expressions where bd is
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Chapter 6. Expressions 6.8 Sequence
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Chapter 6. Expressions where all th
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Chapter 6. Expressions mu operator.
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Chapter 6. Expressions new expressi
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Chapter 6. Expressions Examples: Us
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Chapter 6. Expressions which will r
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Chapter 6. Expressions Examples: As
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Chapter 6. Expressions • #active(
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Chapter 6. Expressions ✞ state si
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Chapter 6. Expressions Semantics: A
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Chapter 7 Patterns Syntax: pattern
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Chapter 7. Patterns In the followin
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Chapter 7. Patterns ✡✝ ✆ The
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Chapter 8 Bindings Syntax: bind = s
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Chapter 9 Value (Constant) Definiti
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Chapter 10 Instance Variables (VDM+
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Chapter 11 The State Definition (VD
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Chapter 11. The State Definition (V
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Chapter 12 Operation Definitions Op
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Chapter 12. Operation Definitions s
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Chapter 12. Operation Definitions p
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Chapter 12. Operation Definitions h
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Chapter 13 Statements In this secti
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Chapter 13. Statements ✡✝ def t
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Chapter 13. Statements block return
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Chapter 13. Statements Examples: Th
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Chapter 13. Statements elseif state
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Chapter 13. Statements ‘do’, st
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Chapter 13. Statements 13.7 The Whi
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Chapter 13. Statements ✡✝ (dcl
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Chapter 13. Statements ✞ ✡✝ R
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Chapter 13. Statements where expres
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Chapter 13. Statements result of th
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Chapter 13. Statements ✡✝ else
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Chapter 13. Statements ✞ bootSequ
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Chapter 13. Statements ✞ op1 : na
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Chapter 14 Top-level Specification
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Chapter 14. Top-level Specification
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Chapter 15 Synchronization Constrai
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Chapter 15. Synchronization Constra
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Chapter 16 Threads (VDM++ and VDM-R
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Chapter 16. Threads (VDM++ and VDM-
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Chapter 16. Threads (VDM++ and VDM-
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Chapter 17 Top-level Specification
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Chapter 18 Trace Definitions In ord
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Chapter 18. Trace Definitions stack
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Chapter 19 Static Semantics VDM spe
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Chapter 20 Scope Conflicts (VDM++ a
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References [Ada LRM] [Bicarregui&94
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Chapter 20. Scope Conflicts (VDM++
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Appendix A The Syntax of the VDM La
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Appendix A. The Syntax of the VDM L
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Appendix B Lexical Specification B.
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Appendix B. Lexical Specification B
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Appendix B. Lexical Specification S
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Appendix C Operator Precedence The
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Appendix C. Operator Precedence eva
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Appendix C. Operator Precedence pre
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Appendix D Differences between the
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Index abs, 9 and, 6 card, 14 comp f
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INDEX arithmetic minus, 185 arithme
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INDEX boolean type, 6 char, 11 func
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INDEX sequence enumeration, 53, 187
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