ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Testing

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The quantum theory and the electromagnetic wave theory provide an explanation of radiant energy that is appropriate for the purposes of nondestructive testing. Whether it behaves like a wave or like a particle, light is radiation produced by atomic or molecular processes. That is, in an incandescent body, a gas discharge or a solid state device, light is produced when excited electrons have just reverted to more stable positions in their respective atoms, thereby releasing energy. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
1.2 Light and the Energy Spectrum The wave theory permits a convenient representation of radiant energy in an arrangement based on the energy's wavelength or frequency. This arrangement is called a spectrum and is useful for indicating the relationship between various radiant energy wavelength regions. Such a representation should not be taken to mean that each region of the spectrum is physically divided from the others- actually there is a small but discrete transition from one region to the next. The general limits of the radiant energy spectrum extend over a range of wavelengths varying from 10 -16 to over 10 5 m. Radiant energy in the visible spectrum has wavelengths between 380 x 10 -9 and 770 x 10 -9 m. In the SI system, the nanometer nm (10 -9 m) and the micrometer μm (10 -6 m) are the commonly used units of wavelength in the visible region. In the cgs system, the angstrom A (10 -10 m) was used to denote wavelength. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 1 and 2: ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
Page 3 and 4: Reading 4 ASNT Nondestructive Handb
Page 5 and 6: SECTION 2 THE PHYSICS OF LIGHT Char
Page 7 and 8: SECTION 2: The Physics of Light PAR
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Radiant Energy Theories Several
Page 11 and 12: Electromagnetic Theory The electrom
Page 13: Unified Theory The unified theory o
Page 17 and 18: Keywords: • The velocity of light
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 gives the speed of light in
Page 21 and 22: FIGURE 1. Small aperture in an encl
Page 23 and 24: Although planets and stars are neit
Page 25 and 26: FIGURE 2. Blackbody radiation curve
Page 31 and 32: 1.3.2 Wien Radiation Law In the tem
Page 33 and 34: 1.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann Law The Stef
Page 35 and 36: 1.3.6 Selective Radiators The emiss
Page 37 and 38: FIGURE 3. Radiation curves for blac
Page 39 and 40: The apertures between coils of the
Page 41 and 42: After absorption of sufficient ener
Page 43 and 44: This equation can he converted to a
Page 45 and 46: The standard spectral luminous effi
Page 47 and 48: 1.6 Luminous Efficiency of Light So
Page 49 and 50: 2.1 Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic
Page 51 and 52: FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
Page 55 and 56: Photoconductor Cells Charlie Chong/
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 5. By the photoelectric effe
Page 59 and 60: Photoelectric Effects & Secondary r
Page 61 and 62: 2.4 Photodiodes and Phototransistor
Page 63 and 64: Schematic cross section of an integ
Page 65 and 66:
Phototransistors Charlie Chong/ Fio
Page 67 and 68:
2.5 Photometry Progress in the scie
Page 69 and 70:
2.5.2 Photopic and Scotopic Vision
Page 71 and 72:
Photopic and Scotopic Vision Charli
Page 73 and 74:
Photopic and Scotopic Vision Charli
Page 75 and 76:
TABLE 2. Measurable characteristics
Page 77 and 78:
Inverse Square Law http://pondscien
Page 79 and 80:
Lambert Cosine Law Charlie Chong/ F
Page 81 and 82:
2.6.4 Photometric Applications Phot
Page 83 and 84:
Various types of neutral filters of
Page 85 and 86:
2.7 Photometers A photometer is a d
Page 87 and 88:
Photometry Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
Page 89 and 90:
Some portable illuminance meters co
Page 91 and 92:
FIGURE 7. Average spectral sensitiv
Page 93 and 94:
2.8.3 Effect of Incidence Angle At
Page 95 and 96:
2.8.4 Effect of Temperature. Wide t
Page 97 and 98:
2.8.6 Photometer Zeroing It is impo
Page 99 and 100:
2.9 Meters Using Photomultiplier Tu
Page 101 and 102:
2.9.1 Luminance Photometers The bas
Page 103 and 104:
2.9.1 Brightness Spot Meter The bri
Page 105 and 106:
High Sensitivity Photometer Charlie
Page 107 and 108:
2.10 Equivalent Sphere Illumination
Page 109 and 110:
2.10.3 Visual Equivalent Sphere Ill
Page 111 and 112:
Visual Equivalent Sphere Illuminati
Page 113 and 114:
Visual Equivalent Sphere Illuminati
Page 115 and 116:
2.10.4 Physical Equivalent Sphere I
Page 117 and 118:
2.10.5 Visual Task Photometers The
Page 119 and 120:
Another type of reflectometer (see
Page 121 and 122:
FIGURE 8. A light cell reflectomete
Page 123 and 124:
When a monochromator is used to dis
Page 125 and 126:
In all radiometric work, it is impo
Page 127 and 128:
These devices consist basically of
Page 129 and 130:
Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ F
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
2.14.2 Distribution Photometers Lum
Page 137 and 138:
FIGURE 9. Goniometer variations: (a
Page 139 and 140:
FIGURE 10. Schematic side elevation
Page 141 and 142:
FIGURE 11. Schematic side elevation
Page 143 and 144:
2.14.7 Integrating Sphere Photomete
Page 145 and 146:
Integrating Sphere Photometer Charl
Page 147:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
show all

ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Testing

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?