ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Testing

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1.4 Atomic Structure and Radiation The atomic theories first proposed in 1913 have been expanded and confirmed by much experimental evidence. The atom consists of a central positively charged nucleus about which revolve negatively charged electrons. In the normal state, these electrons remain in specific orbits or energy levels and radiation is not emitted by the atom. The orbit described by a specific electron revolving about the nucleus is determined by the energy of the electron (there is a particular energy associated with each orbit). An atom's system of orbits or energy levels is characteristic of each element and remains stable until disturbed by external forces. The electrons of an atom can he divided into two classes. The first includes the inner shell electrons which are removed or excited only by high energy radiation. The second class includes the outer shell or valence electrons which cause chemical bonding into molecules. Valence electrons are readily excited by ultraviolet or visible radiation or by electron impact and can be removed completely with relative ease. The valence electrons of an atom in a solid when removed from their associated nucleus enter the so-called conduction band and give the material the property of electrical conductivity. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
After absorption of sufficient energy by an atom, the valence electron is pushed to a higher energy level further from the nucleus. Eventually, the electron returns to the normal orbit or to an intermediate orbit. In so doing, the energy that the atom loses is emitted as a quantum of radiation and this is the source of light. The wavelength (or frequency) of the radiation is determined by Planck's equation: E 1 –E 2 = hv (Eq. 3) Where: E 1 E 2 h v = energy associated with the excited orbit; = energy associated with the normal orbit; = Planck's constant; and = frequency of the emitted radiation. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 1 and 2: ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
Page 3 and 4: Reading 4 ASNT Nondestructive Handb
Page 5 and 6: SECTION 2 THE PHYSICS OF LIGHT Char
Page 7 and 8: SECTION 2: The Physics of Light PAR
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Radiant Energy Theories Several
Page 11 and 12: Electromagnetic Theory The electrom
Page 13 and 14: Unified Theory The unified theory o
Page 15 and 16: 1.2 Light and the Energy Spectrum T
Page 17 and 18: Keywords: • The velocity of light
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 gives the speed of light in
Page 21 and 22: FIGURE 1. Small aperture in an encl
Page 23 and 24: Although planets and stars are neit
Page 25 and 26: FIGURE 2. Blackbody radiation curve
Page 31 and 32: 1.3.2 Wien Radiation Law In the tem
Page 33 and 34: 1.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann Law The Stef
Page 35 and 36: 1.3.6 Selective Radiators The emiss
Page 37 and 38: FIGURE 3. Radiation curves for blac
Page 39: The apertures between coils of the
Page 43 and 44: This equation can he converted to a
Page 45 and 46: The standard spectral luminous effi
Page 47 and 48: 1.6 Luminous Efficiency of Light So
Page 49 and 50: 2.1 Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic
Page 51 and 52: FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
Page 55 and 56: Photoconductor Cells Charlie Chong/
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 5. By the photoelectric effe
Page 59 and 60: Photoelectric Effects & Secondary r
Page 61 and 62: 2.4 Photodiodes and Phototransistor
Page 63 and 64: Schematic cross section of an integ
Page 65 and 66: Phototransistors Charlie Chong/ Fio
Page 67 and 68: 2.5 Photometry Progress in the scie
Page 69 and 70: 2.5.2 Photopic and Scotopic Vision
Page 71 and 72: Photopic and Scotopic Vision Charli
Page 73 and 74: Photopic and Scotopic Vision Charli
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 2. Measurable characteristics
Page 77 and 78: Inverse Square Law http://pondscien
Page 79 and 80: Lambert Cosine Law Charlie Chong/ F
Page 81 and 82: 2.6.4 Photometric Applications Phot
Page 83 and 84: Various types of neutral filters of
Page 85 and 86: 2.7 Photometers A photometer is a d
Page 87 and 88: Photometry Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
Page 89 and 90: Some portable illuminance meters co
Page 91 and 92:
FIGURE 7. Average spectral sensitiv
Page 93 and 94:
2.8.3 Effect of Incidence Angle At
Page 95 and 96:
2.8.4 Effect of Temperature. Wide t
Page 97 and 98:
2.8.6 Photometer Zeroing It is impo
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2.9 Meters Using Photomultiplier Tu
Page 101 and 102:
2.9.1 Luminance Photometers The bas
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2.9.1 Brightness Spot Meter The bri
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High Sensitivity Photometer Charlie
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2.10 Equivalent Sphere Illumination
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2.10.3 Visual Equivalent Sphere Ill
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Visual Equivalent Sphere Illuminati
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Visual Equivalent Sphere Illuminati
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2.10.4 Physical Equivalent Sphere I
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2.10.5 Visual Task Photometers The
Page 119 and 120:
Another type of reflectometer (see
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FIGURE 8. A light cell reflectomete
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When a monochromator is used to dis
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In all radiometric work, it is impo
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These devices consist basically of
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Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ F
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2.14.2 Distribution Photometers Lum
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FIGURE 9. Goniometer variations: (a
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FIGURE 10. Schematic side elevation
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FIGURE 11. Schematic side elevation
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2.14.7 Integrating Sphere Photomete
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Integrating Sphere Photometer Charl
Page 147:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Testing

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