Coping with Desertification in Mongolia - Deza

Coping with Desertification in Mongolia 

7F–05405.01 Eröffnungskredit Phase 1 (1.4.2007 – 31.3.2010) CHF 960’000.- 

Summary 

Desertification in Mongolia is multi-dimensional and cross-cutting process characterized by the 

continental climate, especially aridity, cold temperatures, long regeneration times, the overall 

fragility of the ecosystems and external factors such as changes in the socio-economic situation of 

the centuries-old lifestyle of nomadic Mongolians. The very survival of nomadic pastoralism and 

the country’s long term prosperity depends to the greatest extent on natural factors and the state of 

the environment as its aggravation will ultimately impact adversely the well-being of Mongolians, 

especially of the rural poor. 

Factors for desertification are of natural and anthropogenic origins, the latter prevailing with an 

estimated 87% against 13% of natural factors. Anthropogenic factors include poor natural resource 

management (excessive use of forest, land and water resources, poor herd management and 

overgrazing). Natural factors include global warming and climate change, which are causing 

increased droughts and drying up of rivers and lakes and wind erosion of fertile top soil. About 90% 

of the total territory of Mongolia is vulnerable to desertification, 70% is already affected by it. 

At the grassroots level local communities are undertaking simple anti-desertification actions as 

their economic productivity and livelihoods are threatened by sand dune expansion and ecosystem 

changes. Local initiatives to cope with desertification like planting windbreaks are 

undertaken on an ad-hoc bases, lacking professional approach and consideration of sustainability 

aspects. The political commitments remains mostly “on the paper” because of financial resource 

limitations and a lack of expertise and interdisciplinary approaches to the challenges. 

The proposed Coping with Desertification project (CDP) consists of four complementary 

components – institutional capacity building, local level planning, awareness raising and 

technological innovations. The project is planning to address desertification issues in a 

comprehensive and integrated manner at local herders as well at the policy level. Component 1 will 

support the capacity development of the National Committee for Combating Desertification 

(NCCD); component 2 will address regional planning for the sustainable use of natural 

resources, starting in a river basin in Khovd aimag; component 3 will support awareness raising 

on issues of desertification and sustainable natural resource use with a focus on children; and 

component 4 will start with collecting the available information about best practices and 

indigenous technologies in coping with desertification and then engage in finding new 

technologies. 

The main partner of the project is the NCCD. At the end of the project NCCD will have the 

necessary capacity to fulfill its obligations as specified in the Rio Convention and the National 

Action Plan on Desertification. The project will be implemented initially by a project support unit. 

Fro the beginning NCCD will be involved as an implementation partner and will take over more and 

more responsibility in its implementation as NCCD’s capacity grows. To build this capacity the 

Ministry of Nature and Environment has requested from the donors in the ‘environment and rural 

development coordination group’ assistance to employ a sector advisor for a few years. SDC 

supports this and the CDP will contribute to this position. Technical backstopping requirements for 

the four components include capacity assessment and training for NCCD, support in revising the 

National Action Plan (NAP) for combating desertification, appropriate technologies and community 

mobilization training in Khovd, designing an eco-education curriculum, preparation of 

environmental encyclopedia and the set-up of the national database on indigenous technologies. 

For the implementation of the opening proposal, the total amount of CHF 960’000. -- is requested 

from the Global Environment Program, SDC. The contribution of the Mongolian Government will be 

in-kind and its amount will be negotiated during the opening phase of the project. 

070308 EP.doc 1

Based on the conceptual framework as outlined in the entry proposal, the preparatory phase from 

April 1, 2007 to March 31, 2008 has the following three key objectives: 

• To establish network and institutional set up for the whole phase 

• To launch first activities in the field 

• To prepare and submit complete ProDoc and Credit Proposal for the Project Phase 1 from 

4/2007 to 3/2010. 

For the four components, this means the following main activities: 

1. Capacity of NCCD is assessed and the NAP on desertification is updated. 

The Mongolian government set up the NCCD to implement the NPA on desertification. The 

committee, however, has not received the necessary resources to do so. Additionally, the 

expectations as written in the NAP need to be adjusted to reality and the operational plan 

2008-2010 revised. The project strengthens the NCCD, thus enabling it to coordinate the 

revision of the NPA and the coordination of actions, projects and research in combating 

desertification. 

2. Pilot communities along the Buyant River in Khovd Aimag are organized and concrete 

actions in more sustainable use of natural resources are implemented. 

SDC commissioned a study on the current use and potential of rehabilitation of deserted 

crop land, which shows that with better use of the available water resources, improved 

technologies and organization and collaboration among the farmers this land can be 

rehabilitated. The project will therefore engage in concrete actions in community 

mobilization and transfer of appropriate technologies. 

3. Pilot actions in formal and informal eco-education are tested and prepared for up-scaling. 

MNEC has tested an eco-curriculum in 5 schools in Ulaanbaatar. With the change of the 

current school curriculum form 11 to 12 years, the Ministry of Education, Culture and 

Science is updating the curriculum and the project anticipates that eco-education will 

become part of it. The experience gained from the pilot project as well as additional 

experience from testing it in rural settings will contribute to the design of an eco-curriculum. 

Concept and plan will be finalized for development and dissemination of Environmental 

Encyclopedia of Mongolia. 

Additionally, educational material and awareness rising will be done to targeted audiences 

in Khovd, with the aim to develop material that can be used nationwide to increase 

awareness on desertification. 

4. National inventory on available and indigenous technologies, reports and projects to prevent 

or combat desertification established at the NCCD. 

Several institutes and projects have attempted to collect the available information on 

technologies and reports on combating desertification. The project will enable the NCCD to 

integrate these efforts into a central database accessible electronically by the public. A 

knowledge sharing event is planned to display successful indigenous technologies. The 

project will cooperate with national experts and like minded projects in finding and recording 

the technologies. 

The related logframe is found in the annex (Annex 6). 

The credit proposal for the related Main credit ("Hauptkredit") will be submitted by February 2008. 

070308 EP.doc 2

Proposal 

Aufgrund der obigen Ausführungen beantragen wir, für die Phase 1 (vom 1.4.2007 bis 31.3.2010) 

des Coping with Desertification in Mongolia-Projekts einen Betrag von 

CHF 960'000.- 

zu bewilligen. Die Verpflichtungen erfolgen zu Lasten des Rahmenkredites zur Weiterführung der 

technischen Zusammenarbeit und Finanzhilfe zugunsten von Entwicklungsländern von 4,2 Mia. 

Franken gemäss BB vom 18.12.2003. 

Die sich aus dieser Verpflichtung ergebenden Zahlungen sind zu Lasten des Budgets der DEZA, 

Kredit A2310.0287, Bestimmte Aktionen der EZA, vorzunehmen. 

Die erforderlichen finanziellen Zahlungsmittel sind im Budget und im Finanzplan der 

verantwortlichen Organisationseinheit der DEZA enthalten und berücksichtigen die Entscheide des 

BR zum Entlastungsprogramm 2004. 

070308 EP.doc 3

Annexes 

1 Overall Budget for the Coping with Desertification Project 

2 Detail Budget for Opening Credit 

3 Desertification Factsheet 

4 Organizational chart for implementation 

5 Draft TOR for a Sector Advisor in Natural Resource Management 

6 Log-frame for preparatory phase 4/07 to 3/08 

7 International and National Advisory Service Needs 

8 Map 1: Ecological zones of Mongolia (Source: Geo-Ecological Institute, 1998) 

9 Map 2: Desertification Map of Mongolia (Source: Meteorological Station, 2006) 

10 Overview of the planned Coping with Desertification Program 

11 Outcomes and Outputs of the Coping with Desertification Project in Mongolia 

12 Review of the National Action Plan for Combating Desertification 

13 Key Mongolian Partners 

14 Rapid Analysis of Donor Projects 

15 List of key documents 

16 Abbreviations 

17 Support letter Ministry of Environment for the Project 

18 Feasibility Assessment of Sustainable Use of Land and Water in the Buyant River 

Delta, Khovd Aimag (to be found on the web) 

Report by the National University of Mongolia and Centre for Development Research, 2006, 

pp 168 – available on www.sdc.mn 

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Annex 1 - Overall Budget 

The ‘Coping with Desertification’ program is envisaged to provide assistance from 2007-2014. The 

first phase of the program lasts from April 2007 to March 2010. The budget for this program 

includes the costs for 1) program implementation and 2) for program activities. The program 

activities are broken down according to components (2.1-2.4) for the three different phases. 

Technical backstopping is included in the component budgets. 

Coping with Desertification Program Budget 2007-2013 

No Activities [CHF] 

Entry Phase 

2007-10 

Main Phase 

2010-2013 

Closing 

2014 

TOTAL 

[CHF] 

1. Program Implementation 1,200,000 1,300,000 350,000 2,850,000 

2. Program Activities 0 0 0 0 

2.1 Capacity Development 600,000 200,000 50,000 850,000 

2.2 Regional Planning 2,500,000 3,000,000 1,200,000 6,700,000 

2.3 Awareness Raising 500,000 1,500,000 100,000 2,100,000 

2.4 Technical Innovations 500,000 500,000 0 1,000,000 

TOTAL 5,300,000 6,500,000 1,700,000 13,500,000 

The program will encourage and further cooperation and partnerships between the private sector 

(herders and farmers), the public sector (NCCD, local governments, public schools), civil society 

(NGOs, user groups) and the academic sector (AoS, centres of expertise). Partnerships will be 

based on cost-sharing mechanisms, negotiating fair contributions of all partners involved in 

achieving the common agreed results. The overall principle of SDC is to gradually build up capacity 

of all partners to carry on program initiatives. This includes ensuring that the activities carried out 

by the private sector are economically viable, that applied research brings value-addition to the 

local situations and that processes are participative and gender-inclusive. 

070308 EP.doc 5

Annex 2 - Overall Budget of the Desertification Project – 

Opening Credit 

TOTAL BUDGET in CHF 2007 2008 TOTAL 

Component 1: Capacity of NCCD assessed and NPA on desertification updated 

1.1 Output 1: NCCD capacity and expectations assessed 22,984 - 22,984 

1.2 Output 2: NAP on Desertification reviewed and updated 6,452 10,753 17,204 

1.3 Output 3: NCCD strategic development & operation plan established for 3,817 3-5 years 5,376 9,194 

Component Implementation and Advisory Outcome 1 44,145 14,715 58,860 

Total Component 1: Capacity of NCCD assessed and NPA on desertification 77,398 updated 30,844 108,242 

Component 2: Planning in sustainable resource management in Khovd 

2.1 Output 1: Community organization (water users, vegetable growers) 15,054 1,290 16,344 

2.2 Output 2: Pilot actions to improve irrigation 86,022 - 86,022 

2.3 Output 3: Assessment of local capacity (civil society, gov., inst.) 3,763 1,075 4,839 


Total Component 2: Planning in sustainable resource management in Khovd 263,461 21,899 285,360 

Component 3: Awareness Raising and Eco-Education 

3.1 Output 1: Assessment of current situation and main stakeholders (donors, 2,419 ministries, schools) - in 2,419 formal and informal 

3.2 Output 2: Mainstream and tested eco-education curricula in rural areas 50,000 (formal level) 10,753 60,753 

3.3 Output 3: Conducted awareness raising and informal education activities 19,355 in Khovd 6,989 26,344 

3.4 Output 4: Enzyclopedia 2,688 3,226 5,914 


Total Component 3: Awareness Raising and Eco-Education 148,817 23,011 171,828 

Component 4: Indigenous technologies and lessons learnt 

4.1 Output 1: Local study on available and indigenous technologies 38,172 - 38,172 

4.2 Output 2: Dissemination of study results and planning 5,376 17,204 22,581 

4.3 Output 3: Website for NCCD established 3,226 1,613 4,839 


Total Component 4: Indigenous technologies and lessons learnt 58,387 22,688 81,075 

Project Implementation (Delivering Project Results) 

Managing Human Resources 164,043 41,290 205,333 

Managing Financial Resources - 538 538 

Managing External Relationships 194 65 258 

Managing Internal Relationships 242 81 323 

Knowledge Management 48,871 57,957 106,828 

Total Project Implementation (Delivering Project Results) 213,349 99,930 313,280 

GRAND TOTAL 761,413 198,372 959,785 

Budget Explanations: 

1 Salaries fixed personnel for project implementation 85,161 28,387 113,548 

2 Investment 52,151 5,376 57,527 

3 Project running costs (rent, stationaries, utility, transport, etc.) 22,274 7,296 29,570 

4 Activity costs (components) 601,827 157,313 759,140 

5 Mandate costs (partners' overhead) - 

TOTAL 761,413 198,372 959,785 

The above figures include advisory services for project of CHF 213,000 and SDC’s contribution to 

a sector advisor to the MNE of CHF 73,000. For details see: Desertification Budget.xls 

070308 EP.doc 6

Annex 3 – Desertification Factsheet 

General country profile: Mongolia 

Geographic Settings and Main Features: 

• Average height: 1580 meters above the sea level; 

• Positioned between 30-40’s latitude of high air pressure zone; 

• Khangai; Altai Mountain ranges blocking fall of precipitation into the in-land 

• 35% territory with 35-80 degrees of slope (inclination) prone to land sliding and soil washing 

Climate 

1. Harsh continental climate 

2. Climatic fluctuations: Raise of annual temperature by 1,8 o C in last 60 years 

3. Annual average temperature in Gobi desert +8.5 o C and -7.8 o C in the high mountains 

4. Average Annual precipitation level: less than 220-400 mm as the highest 

5. Evaporation rates high: 90% evaporates, with fast ad short rainfalls the run-off high 

6. Observed pattern for repeated and systematic fluctuation of drought 

7. Frequency of dust storms: increased 3-4 times against 1960’s 

Low and uneven distribution of precipitation 

• 50 mm/annual in Gobi regions & 400 mm/annual average in northern parts 

• 85% of precipitation falls during the warmer season (50-60% in July & August) 

• Decreased level of precipitation (by 10%) in last 30 years for the southern part 

Land Resources 

• Rangeland: 80% of the country’s territory (fragile; responsive to moisture) 

• 70% of pasture land overgrazed 

• Arable land: only 2.5% of the country’s land (thin layer of fertile top soil) 

• 70% total crop lands abandoned for over 4 years with 41% heavily degraded 

• Top soil loss: 78% lost, loss rate exceeds several times internationally accepted norms: 

14% washed with running water; 59% drifted with wind contributing to sand dunes 

• Protected Areas: 13% country is nationally protected 

Forest: 

• 8% is covered (mostly conifers in the northern taiga: larch 74%; cedar; pine 

• 79% of forest damaged with Insect and rodent infestation 

• Extensive use of saxual trees and bushes 

Vegetation cover: 

• Sparse; Vegetation cover reduced greatly in last 5 years 

• Vegetation yields low: decreased by 2-3 times in last 40 years; 

• Species composition change: inedible plants and weeds dominate 

• Forest trees require 50-100 years to reach maturity 

Water Resource: 

• Closed Watersheds no outlets to ocean 

• 84% water in large lakes in the north and western parts, 11% in glaciers and 6% in rivers 

• Fast drying up of ground water sources (1900 rivers dried up for good) 

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Desertification: Definition formally used and figures on rate of desertification 

• Definition of Desertification widely used: UNCCD Definition 

Relevant Facts and Figures: 

• 90% total territory belongs to arid and semi-arid zones prone to desertification 

• 41% of the territory is highly prone to desertification 

• 45% of country is desert zones: 65,1% of it classified as high risk areas 

• 78% of the land degraded heavily that resulted in loss of soil fertility. 

2 major causes of desertification are classified into natural and human factors. The former 

accounts for 13% and the latter causes 87% of the desertification. 

1. Natural causes include: 

• Long –run post glacial changes accelerated rate of melting process for glaciers and 

permafrost layers) 

• Combined climate change and global warming effects 

• Geographic location 

• Lower surface and ground water levels 

• Low and uneven distribution of precipitation 

2. Human factors include: 

• Pastureland overgrazing 

• Abandoned crop lands 

• Ploughed area abandoned 

• Top soil removed/ drifted with wind: 

• Mining (60% GDP; 30% of the country licensed for mining) 

• Overexploitation of forest and other plants 

• Unregulated driving and ‘wild’ roads 

070308 EP.doc 8

Annex 4 – Organizational Chart for Implementation 

Project 

Steering 

Committee 

NCCD 

Operational 

Committee 

Project Support 

Unit (PSU) 

SDC 

Coordination 

Committee 

Donors, 

Research 

Institutes, NGOs, 

other SDC 

Projects 

Advisory 

Services 

(established in 

case of need) 

C1 

C3 

C2 

C4 

International & 

National Advisory 

Services 

Advice 

Training 

Research 

Planning 

Evaluation 

Project Support Unit: Implementer of the project mandated by SDC and in collaboration with 

NCCD. It can mandate components to other agencies or institutions. 

Operational Committee: Consisting of representatives from the project, SDC and NCCD. Its role 

is to support the project implementation unit to achieve the set goals and make transparent and 

participatory decisions in resource allocation and expenditure, partnership, process, result 

monitoring and strengthening the coordination between the project and the government. 

Steering Committee: Responsible for the formulation of strategic guidelines and authorization of 

yearly plan of operations, annual reports and budget changes. It consists from representatives 

from SDC, line ministries and relevant agencies, civil society, beneficiaries and holds meeting once 

a year. 

Advisory Services: Providing thematic advice and expertise in times of need with clear TORs and 

mandates 

Coordination Committees: Consisting of representatives from other donor funded projects and 

key Mongolian institutions involved in desertification issues 

International and National Advisory Services: Provide advice for the different components as 

well as the overall implementation of the project 

070308 EP.doc 9

Annex 5 - Draft TOR for a Sector Advisor in Natural Resource 

Management 

The poor are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation as many rely directly on the 

scarce natural resources – pasture land and water. Mongolia recognizes that issues such as land 

degradation, climate change, loss of biodiversity, and increasing pollution can only be addressed in 

partnership between the Mongolian government, neighboring countries and donors. 

As land degradation and desertification are a key challenge in rural development of Mongolia the 

National Committee for Combating Desertification (NCCD) was set-up under the National Action 

Plan for Combating Desertification based on the Rio Convention, which Mongolia signed in 1994. 

Several donors are keen to see this committee strengthened to efficiently and effectively lead joint 

government and donor actions in efforts to halt and reverse land degradation. Supporting the 

Mongolian government in this action World Bank, the Swiss Agency for Development and 

Cooperation and other donors have agreed to help fund the Government of Mongolia an advisory 

position in the Ministry of Nature and Environment of a Sector Advisor in Natural Resource 

Management. The incumbent will be placed at the Ministry of Nature and Environment and work 

partly in strengthening the NCCD under the framework of the SDC desertification project and partly 

as an advisor for other issues in the environmental sector in Mongolia. 

Expectations and main tasks: 

‣ Support to MNE in donor coordination 

‣ Advise on capacity development and conceptual and strategic issues 

‣ Support linkages with international organizations and networks 

‣ Selected input into policy documents 

‣ Assist in planning, monitoring and reporting of SDC projects 

‣ Support capacity development of national SDC staff 

‣ Support SDC Mongolia in strategic planning in natural resource management issues 

Profile 

‣ Knowledge and experienced in natural resource management with focus on arid lands and 

strategic planning 

‣ Operational experience in various organizations preferably in several countries 

‣ Team player, flexible and adaptable to different social and cultural environments 

‣ Excellent communication and networking skills 

‣ Fluent in English and highly literate in use of computes 

‣ Willing to travel and work under restricted conditions 

‣ Commitment of 3-4 years in Mongolia 

‣ Skilled in mentoring and training 

Starting date and Application 

If you are an enthusiastic person willing to work in Mongolia, please apply to: 

Mr. Bayarbat, NCCD National Coordinator, 

Short-listed candidates will be invited for an interview to Mongolia. The starting date for the position 

is as soon as possible. 

070308 EP.doc 10

SECTOR ADVISOR ENVIRONMENT with FOCUS on DESERTIFICATION 

Location: Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 

Application Deadline: 

Type of Contract: 

Languages Required: English 

Starting Date: as soon as possible 

Funding: Support from SDC and other donors 

Duration of Initial Contract: 1 year with the preferred option to be renewed for 2 more years) 

Background 

The National Program (NAP) for Combating Desertification, which was ratified in 1994, is an official 

strategy and political document for implementation of commitment of Mongolia to the Rio 

Convention on Combating Desertification. The government of Mongolia set out the following 

objectives in the NAP: 

I phase (2003-2007): Develop comprehensive action plan to assess current condition for 

desertification, improve legal framework on combating desertification, building national and 

local capacities to combat desertification and making all the necessary preparations for 

adaptation process. 

II phase (2008-2011): Develop policies conducive to restoring degraded environment heavily 

affected by desertification and strengthening capacity to adapt and monitor desertification 

process. 

III phase (from 2012): Utilize all available mechanisms to reverse adverse impact of desertification 

and increase benefits of policies facilitating adaptation to desertification. 

However, the implementation of the NAP is slow and not efficient. The main reasons are 

inadequacy of capacity in terms of human and financial resources. Therefore, the government has 

decided to review this NAP and has asked the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation to 

assist in this process. 

As Mongolia is faced with other burning issues the Government has also requested assistance in 

the overall coordination and strategic planning of regarding biodiversity, climate change, 

international and national waters, land degradation, and air pollution. To address these challenges 

the government of Mongolia is spending more than USD 100 million a year of its own as well as of 

donor resources. This placement ensures that environment concerns are prioritized and activities 

coordinated, especially in the areas of land degradation and desertification. 

There is daily interaction with colleagues in the Ministry of Nature and Environment and with 

donors on issues related to coordination, capacity development and effective knowledge 

management. The role of sector advisor is to support the NCCD and SDC in the implementation of 

the SDC desertification project and the Ministry of Nature and Environment in the efficient and 

effective project development and implementation services. 

Scope of Work 

The environmental donor coordination group is jointly headed by the Ministry of Nature and 

Environment, the Dutch government and World Bank. Under the overall supervision of the Vice- 

Minister for Nature and Environment and with close liaison with the Resident Representative of 

World Bank and the Country Director of SDC, the incumbent will act as a sector advisor to the 

Mongolian government and technical advisor to the NCCD, ensuring the revision of the NAP and 

planning for its implementation. In this capacity the incumbent will also ensure smooth 

implementation, effective management and timely reporting in regard to the SDC desertification 

project. 

070308 EP.doc 11

Duties and Responsibilities 

The specific responsibilities of Sector Advisor will include the following: 

‣ Support to MNE in donor coordination, prioritizing of issues and assessment of the effectiveness 

and benefits of suggested projects and activities 

‣ Support linkages with international organizations in and outside Mongolia and environmental 

networks 

‣ Provide selected input into policy documents and assist in accessing international expertise in 

key areas 

‣ Advise and support the NCCD in reviewing the impact of projects addressing land degradation. 

Provide overall technical guidance to NCCD’s monitoring & evaluation system through 

monitoring of indicators to measure project impacts, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability. 

‣ Ensure a sustainable mechanism for participative monitoring by beneficiaries of SDC’s project 

‣ Provide overall strategic and scientific advice on environmental management issues to the MNE 

and NCCD, donors, and national researchers 

‣ Support capacity development of national staff in the Ministry and environmental projects 

‣ Support the preparation of detailed Terms of References for technical consultants and 

researchers and supervise such consultancies as needed 

‣ Advise on capacity development and conceptual and strategic issues and the revision of NAP 

‣ Review and comment on key reports, analyses and other documents on desertification and other 

environmental issues in Mongolia 

‣ Support SDC Mongolia in strategic planning in natural resource management issues 

‣ Maintain regular communications and pursue close cooperation with other donor organizations, 

especially those dealing with land degradation and rural development issues to facilitate larger 

cross-project learning and capacity building 

Deliverables 

‣ A preliminary assessment and recommendations report on NCCD and the overall situation in 

coordination of environmental issues at the Ministry of Nature and Environment by the end of the 

first two months 

‣ A personal annual work-plan by the end of the first two months 

‣ Regular progress updates on personal work-plan and planning for next period 

‣ Ad-hoc policy position papers and concept notes for relevant conference and events, as 

requested by the Donor Coordination Committee or the SDC Country Director. 

Qualifications and Experience: 

‣ The candidate should be knowledgeable and experienced in natural resource management with 

focus on arid lands and have operational experience in various organizations preferably in 

several countries 

‣ Proven abilities to effectively coordinate multidisciplinary projects by multiple stakeholders 

‣ Team player, flexible and adaptable to different social and cultural environments 

‣ Excellent intercultural and interpersonal communication and networking skills 

‣ Excellent knowledge of the English language, with exceptional writing, presentation and 

communication skills, able to clearly and precisely formulate issues and findings 

‣ Experienced in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development projects 

‣ Able to lead strategic planning and change processes 

‣ Willing to travel and work under restricted conditions 

‣ Commitment of 3-4 years in Mongolia 

‣ Skilled in mentoring, facilitation, training as well as conflict resolution 

070308 EP.doc 12

Annex 6 Log-frame for preparatory phase 4/07 to 3/08 

Component 1 – Capacity of NCCD is Assessed and the NAP on Combating Desertification Updated 

Activities 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 

0 

Output 1.1 NAP and capacity and expectations of NCCD assessed 

A 1.1.1 

A 1.1.2 

Assessment of NAP and the expectations and 

capacity of NCCD (MNE, office equipment, 

HR, structure, financing etc.) 

International assessment workshop and 

South-South exchange on NAP and NCCD 

Output 1.2 NAP updated 

A 1.2.1 

A 1.2.2 

Support the revision of NAP (its relevance to 

Convention, longer term vision, inputs and 

sustainability of actions) 

National workshop on validating the updated 

version of NAP for comments and finalization 

Time (months) Milestones / Indicators Who Remarks 

070308 EP.doc 13 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 2 3 Description of main events and tasks 

and indicators to measure 

Assessment report 

Workshop proceedings; number 

of attendees; concrete 

suggestions from participants 

Responsible 

Outsourced 

NCCD with the support of 

SDC/PIU 

updated version of NAP submitted to government for approval 

Review report; contracts for 

NCs; documents with 

formulations on LT visions plans 

of sustainability 

final version of NAP 

incorporated with stakeholders 

comments 

A 1.2.3 Support NCCD to get NAP approved Work meetings/sessions 

promoting the revised NAP; 

lobbying efforts; support by 

SDC/PIU to the NCCD in terms 

of technical/financial/networking 

support 

Output 1.3 Strategic plan for NCCD development & operation established for 3-5 years 

A1.3.1 

A1.3.2 

Design draft strategic and operational plan for 

3-5 years (incl. resource, training and 

infrastructure needs) 

Organize a consultative discussion for further 

development and operation of NCCD among 

strategic and operational plan 

aligned with NPCC and NAP 

Strategic and operational plans 

National consultancy service 

NCCD and national consultants 

NCCD, PIU, MNE 

With support of intl. consultant


A 1.3.3 

all key stakeholders 


0 

Revise job descriptions and assignments of 

NCCD staff 

Output 1.4 Capacity of NCCD increased (HR, technical capacity, fin. resources, …) ‣ 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 2 3 Description of main events and tasks 

and indicators to measure 

submitted for approval 

Finalized TORs, clear and 

transparent recruitment 

procedure; inputs by MNE; 

SDC/PIU 

A1.4.1 Train members and staff # of trainings & trainees 

Office functional to accomplish 

the required tasks 

A1.4.2 

A1.4.3 

A1.4.4 

Strengthen the NCCD office / national / region 

/ international linkages 

Design local network for NCCD using current 

structure of EPA and Land Offices at aimag 

and soum levels 

Agree on monitoring indicators for 

desertification among main stakeholders 

Linkage potentials identified and 

follow-up actions taken for 

improved NCCD linkage to 

regional and international 

networks 

NCCD functional at local levels; 

Indicators drafted aligned with 

UNCCD indicators 

Responsible 

NCCD with technical support of 

intl. consultant 

outsourced 

NCCD; MNE; SDC/PIU; 

International Consultant along 

with the national consultant 

support 

NCCD/PIU; Land Agency/Land 

Offices/Land Officers; 

MNE/EPA/ Staff and 

Environmental Inspectors 

National consultant with 

support of the International 

Consultant & NCCD/PIU 

070308 EP.doc 14

Component 2: Pilot communities along the Buyant River in Khovd Aimag are organized and concrete 

actions in more sustainable use of natural resources implemented 



0 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 2 3 Description of main events and 

tasks and indicators to measure 

Respon 

-sible 

Output 2.1 User groups formed and empowered in selected areas NR use plan drafted for pilot areas International Consultant/SDC- 

PIU/national consultant and local 

user groups 

A 2.1.1 

Train trainers for participatory needs assessment 

and capacity development 

Number of community 

representative/ trainers trained & 

trainings provided 

outsourced 

A 2.1.2 

Conduct participatory needs assessment for 

capacity and training for the communities 

Assessment reports for capacity and 

training needs produced for each 

community 

Adopt the Green Gold Project 

experience 

A 2.1.3 

User group resource use patterns, boundaries, 

income, expenses and development needs 

identified through participatory exercises. 

Resource use patterns identified for 

communities 

outsourced 

A 2.1.4 

Conduct at least 5 practical capacity development 

trainings on NRM and planning in connection with 

concrete activities mentioned under point A 2.2.2. 

Suggested topics (to be defined in A 1.1.2) 

⇒ Training on participatory planning and ME 

⇒ Training on CBNRM concepts and benefit 

sharing 

⇒ Training on Conflict management and 

Negotiation skills 

Number of trained user groups; 

number of trainings provided; 

Reports on trainings; 

Outputs and outcomes from 

trainings summarized into the report 

Synergy with other donors: number 

of enrolled government officials into 

the Dutch funded NGIC trainings in 

sprig/fall of 2007 

outsourced 

⇒ Training on interpretation skills and usage of 

geo-data, mapping practice and natural 

resource information 

⇒ Training on procedures for setting up formal 

units/groups/cooperatives 

Output 2.2 More sustainable use of NR base is practiced in pilot areas 

Livelihood baseline assessed 

A 2.2.1 

Define process on how to accept and implement 

concrete actions 

Practical knowledge on planning;# 

of user groups attempting own 

planning 

International and National 

consultants; 

Planning and monitoring officer of 

070308 EP.doc 15



0 

1 

1 

1 

2 



Respon 

-sible 

the PIU 

A2.2.2 

Local initiatives and pilot activities with the formed 

user groups (Output 2.1) supported / started 

⇒ Fencing, windbreaks, soil conservation, … 

⇒ Rational use of water, irrigation, water 

harvesting, 

⇒ Livestock improvement 

⇒ Energy and fuel issues 

⇒ Support value addition i.e., processing 

capacity for farming as well livestock products 

Number of activities supported; 

Support measured in terms of 

financial resources invested; 

technical advices provided; number 

of site visits undertaken; number of 

communities engaged; impacts 

measured in terms of short and long 

term socio-economic and 

environmental benefits; value added 

measured in terms of circulation and 

profits; size of support in credits; 

size of revolving funds, etc. 

Support and extension services 

outsource from qualified and best 

value service providers in 

• Veterinary / pasture mangt. 

• Irrigation / mangt. of crop 

lands/ 

• processing capacity/trainers 

on value addition for farm and 

livestock origin 

products/marketing experts 

and companies 

Output 2.3 Local capacity of government, civil society and institutions assessed 

A 2.3.1 

Conduct Participatory Needs Assessment for local 

government and CBOs in terms of their technical 

capacity; financial; structural and HR capacity 

‣ 

‣ 

Needs assessment reports 

produced and # of local 

communities mobilized for 

participatory process in place 

Outsourced 

A 2.3.2 

Design a strategy to increase the capacity of local 

governmental and non-governmental (CBOs) 

organizations in cooperation with other projects, 

e.g. Altai Sayan 

Strategic plan inclusive of capacity 

enhancement aspects are 

developed for Short and Longer 

term; # of interactions with other 

projects 

Outsourced with the help of 

Planning and Monitoring Officer, 

PIU 

070308 EP.doc 16

Component 3: Environmental Awareness and Eco-Education 



0 

1 

1 

1 

2 



Respon 

-sible 

Output 3.1 Assessment of current situation and main stakeholders (donors, 

ministries, schools) in formal and informal eco-education and awareness levels 

A 3.1.1 SWOT analysis of existing eco-education 

program and institutional capacity for further 

refining and improvement 

A 3.1.2 Establish Task force at the national level 

platform in alignment with national education 

platform at MOSTECE 

A 3.1.3 Set up 2 work groups for formal and informal 

eco education to develop draft programmes 

for the whole project period 

A 3.1.4 Review and streamline the joint draft 

programme by the international consultant 

A 3.1.5 Assess the program by Task Force 

A 3.1.6 Draft plan for the next three years finalized: 

Defining long-term visions and perspectives 

at national workshop 

‣ SWOT Analysis report 

‣ GAPs identified as a basis for 

improvement 

‣ Task Force formed with clear 

TORs and guidance in line 

with the National education 

platform 

‣ 2 work groups functional & 

‣ draft programs and work 

plans developed 

‣ The merged joint program 

revised and comments 

provided by the Int. 

Consultant 

‣ Draft plan and program 

appraised by the Task force 

‣ national workshop; long term 

visions integrated into the 

strategic documents adopted 

by the workshop participants 

Outsourced 

SDC-PIU 

Work group members; SDC- 

PIU 

International consultant; 

national consultant 

Task force; SDC-PIU as 

facilitators 

National workshop organization 

service outsourced 

Output 3.2 Formal education programme developed, tested and planned for the 

whole project period 

A 3.2.1 Select rural schools and teachers to be 

enrolled into the trial program 

Education ministry accepts ecoeducation 

in new 12-yr school curriculum 

‣ schools and teachers 

identified 

MNEC 

A3.2.2 

Develop TORs for working group team 

members and experts for review of the 

‣ TORs for the WG members 

MNEC with inputs from SDC- 

PIU; Task Force 

070308 EP.doc 17


0 

curricula development standards issued by 

the MESC 

A 3.2.3 Design and draft the content of the Student 

textbooks for testing 

A 3.2.4 Draft the Teacher’s Aid and Guidance 

Manuals for testing and develop the content 

of the Teacher Training Course 

A 3.2.5 Provide Teacher Training Courses on Testing 

of Draft Curricula at pilot schools in rural 

areas 

A 3.2.6 Test the Draft curricula that is designed by the 

joint Working Group 

A 3.2.7 Conduct Appraisal and Assessment for Pilot 

curricula i.e. joint field visits; surveys; 

interviews etc 

A 3.2.8 Communicate Findings of the Appraisal and 

Assessment to relevant parties for collection 

of additional comments and inputs 

A 3.2.9 Revise/edit/update the draft curricula for 

integrating inputs and feedback from 

appraisal process 


1 

1 

1 

2 



Draft content submitted for 

review by working group 

members; WG member 

suggestions 

Draft documents developed 

upon review and integration of 

comments by relevant parties 

Teacher training courses 

designed and number of 

trainings provided; # of teachers 

& schools involved; Evaluations 

by teachers 

Reports; independent 

assessments and field trip 

reports; direct observations; 

teacher and student evaluations 

# of field trips; assessment 

reports; survey findings; 

interviews w/local communities; 

teachers and students 

Communication methods 

utilized: # of direct mailings/mail 

list; minutes of meetings; 

comments compiled 

Draft curricula finalized with 

integration of updates/comments 

and inputs 

Respon 

-sible 

MNEC; SDC-PIU 

MNEC; SDC-PIU; Working 

Groups and sector 

professionals 



professionals 



professionals 



professionals 

MNEC; SDC-PIU 

Output 3.3 Informal education ‣ UNDP (Bayankhongor) 

MNEC 

070308 EP.doc 18



0 

A 3.3.1 Develop ST Annual Plan of PA and Education 

Activities focusing on cause and effect 

relationship of desertification process 

A 3.3.2 Identify and outsource local CBOs and 

individuals for coordinating local level PA and 

Informal Education activities identified in the 

Annual Plan 

A 3.3.3 Produce at least 2 types of PA materials in 

printed format 

A 3.3.4 Produce at least 4 communication products 

using effectively other non-print 

communication channels (mass media; 

TV/radio/websites) for KAP change 

A 3.3.5 Undertake 2 local level awareness raising 

campaigns on desertification 

A 3.3.6 Provide Guidance to local communities 

wishing to pursue Community Resource and 

Training centres on prep. of Sustainability 

Plans and Exit Strategies 

3.3.7 Support establishment of Community 

Resource and Training Centres whose 

Sustainability Plans and Exit Strategies are 

approved by the Project Steering Committee 

Output 3.4 National Encyclopaedia 

1 

1 

1 

2 



‣ Short term annual plan for 

informal education and public 

awareness raising developed 

‣ Local capacity identified and 

researched for potential 

direct contracting 

‣ number of publications 

produced; size of funding; 

technical support in terms of 

man/hour by SDC-PIU 

‣ number of products produced; 

size of funding; technical 

support in terms of man/hour 

by SDC-PIU 

‣ number of campaigns; size of 

funding; technical support in 

terms of man/hour by SDC- 

PIU; survey results from 

locals 

‣ # of requests received from 

communities; Assessment 

report by the PIU staff; 

guidance content predeveloped 

‣ Sustainability plans and ES 

submitted to the PIU; size of 

investment into resource 

centres; # of centres 

‣ 

Respon 

-sible 

Outsource qualified partner 

service from ITCNE; 

EcoEducation Centre; WWF 

under the guidance from the 

SDC-PIU 

Local CBOs and individuals by 

the SDC-PIU 

Most qualified partners as 

ITCNE; EcoEducation Centre; 

WWF under the guidance from 

the SDC-PIU 




the SDC-PIU 




the SDC-PIU 

SDC-PIU; local contractors 




the SDC-PIU 

070308 EP.doc 19



0 

A 3.4.1 Develop a concept paper for preparation and 

production of National Encyclopaedia (goal, 

objectives, outline, framework, activities, 

timing, budget) 

A 3.4.2 Review and assess the concept paper with 

assistance of international experts 

A 3.4.3 Finalize the document and work plan for main 

project phase 

1 

1 

1 

2 



‣ A concept paper for National 

Encyclopaedia 

‣ The revised version of the 

concept paper 

‣ Working group appraisal and 

endorsement; work plan 

Respon 

-sible 

Contractor; 

SDC-PIU; working groups 

International consultant; SDC- 

PIU; contractor 

Contractor; SDC-PIU; Working 

groups 

070308 EP.doc 20

Component 4 – National inventory on available and indigenous technologies, reports and projects to 

prevent or combat desertification established at the NCCD 



0 

1 

1 

1 

2 



Responsible 

Output 4.1 Inventory on available and indigenous technologies to prevent or 

combat desertification established 

NCCD is the One-Stop-Shop on 

all issues re. desertification 

NCCD/Outsourcing 

A 4.1.1 

Develop TOR and identify partner to conduct 

study and compile existing information 

‣ TORs; 

‣ Potential partners identified 

NCCD 

A 4.1.2 

Collect, analyse and compile the information 

and put into electronically accessible formats 

Data ready for electronic entry 

Outsourcing 

A 4.1.3 

Make a list of potential partners and assess 

their capacity (who can do what) and choose 

the partner to work with 

Partner selection criteria dev-d; 

the partners assessed and 

selected; 


A 4.1.4 

Areas for adoption of internationally/nationally 

proven best practices are prioritized amongst 

local priorities 

criteria for selection of best 

practices developed; Cost and 

benefit indicators identified 

Outsourcing w/help of NCCD 

Output 4.2 Database on existing studies, reports, technologies, etc. established 

‣ Database accessible by 

general public 


A 4.2.1 Develop Database of existing know-how Inventory & compiling of knowhow; 

database designed 

Website hosting an 

electronically accessible 

database 

A 4.2.2 

A 4.2.3 

A 4.2.4 

Prepare Summary of Lessons Learnt and 

Progress achieved on pre-project testing of 

technologies 

Empower NCCD for regular maintenance and 

updating of the Database 

Organize national workshop for info 

dissemination 

Pre-project testing options 

selected; procedures developed 

and reports produced 

# of trainings; investment into staff 

empowering 

Proceedings published 

Output 4.3 Website for NCCD established 

070308 EP.doc 21

A 4.3.1 

A 4.3.2 


0 

Program the NCCD website and put on-line 

(incl. reserve address, investigate space on 

server…) 

NCCD internal capacity for website 

maintenance supported 


1 

1 

1 

2 



‣ First version of NCCD 

webpage programmed and put 

on-line 

NCCD staff member is assigned 

and able to maintain the website 

Responsible 

Outsource for the qualified 

service 

NCCD 

070308 EP.doc 22

Annex 7 - International and National Advisory Service Needs 

1. National Resources and Contributions of the Different Stakeholders 

Different categories of stakeholders, herders, NCCD, NGO partners, national and local 

governments, universities and research institutions, private companies, and SDC, contribute to the 

program in different ways. 

1.1. Government Sector 

Government partners (central government, local governments, research organizations, universities 

and institutions) will make available the required human resources as agreed upon in contracts 

between the project and these organizations. The potential organizations for cooperation are 

central and local level land offices and environment protection agencies. 

1.2. Private Sector and Civil Society 

National and local NGOs, user and community groups are important grassroots level partners. 

They include MSF, MNEC, ITCNE, EEC and WWF. Goods and service delivery will be outsourced 

to relevant private companies and individuals. 

1.3. SDC and Other Donors 

The Swiss contribution is made through project funds. SDC will contract the implementer and make 

funds available to meet project costs and administrative costs for the implementation of the 

development activities based on annual action plans and budgets. SDC will also provide funds for 

services of international consultants. Pooling of funding with other donors in specific project 

activities is considered. Government partners will provide in-kind contribution (staff, office space, 

work hours etc.) 

2. National and International Advisory 

All partners involved in the design of the entry phase of the desertification project have opted for 

national implementation with support from international advisors. A sector advisor partly funded by 

SDC and partly by other donors will work part-time in this project and part-time advise the MNE in 

environment related issues. Ways will be explored on how NCCD can play a more active role in 

recruiting, guiding and profit from international advisors for its overall activities and duties. 

2.1. Implementation strategy for the first year 

The international advisory services have the objective to provide the project with international 

experiences, know how, and instruments from similar projects, guaranteeing the transfer of 

international lessons learnt and mitigating strategic risks and hazards in the implementation of the 

project. The project will receive on-going support from SDC Advisor, as well as from other 

agencies and/or SDC related projects. 

2.1.1. Component 1 - Capacity of NCCD assessed and NAP on desertification updated 

‣ Capacity assessment of NCCD 

• Mandated to NCCD with support of international advisor with inputs from national 

consultants. 

‣ Capacity development of NCCD 

• Support of an international advisor with experience in the work of NCCD in an other 

country and linking national, regional and global level 

• International workshop on anti desertification experience with support of national 

consultants (2 days + 1 internal work day) 

‣ Updating NPA 

070308 EP.doc 23

• Working group under the leadership of NCCD, comprised, i.e. Center for Desertification 

studies, EcoAsia, MNE, MSUA, MoFA, Center for Ecological studies, and others with 

support of an international advisor with experience in the work of NCCD in an other 

country 

‣ Technical expertise and possible partner international institutions: CIGAR, ICARDA, ICIMOD, 

CDE, KEK, Pakistan, Nepal, UNCCD secretariat (regional/international), UNDP, China, 

Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan and open to other countries with best experience. 

Timeframe: 

14 days in Mongolia, May 07 for capacity assessment and development NCCD 

7 days in Mongolia for advice on NAP 

7 days of backstopping advice 

2.1.2. Component 2 - Pilot communities along the Buyant River in Khovd Aimag are 

organized and concrete actions in more sustainable use of natural resources 

implemented 

This component will be implemented locally. The team will be responsible for action 

demonstrations with concrete outputs in focused and confined areas as well as project planning for 

main phase. The team will be supported with technical expertise in community management, 

training of trainers, regional planning and technical expertise. Possible actions include – prioritized 

based on resources and impact: 

• Visible action to improve irrigation / water use 

• Visible action in organization of vegetable growers (fencing, seedlings, windbreaks, 

processing, marketing, etc.) 

• Assessment of capacity in Khovd (institutional, civil society, government) 

• Fuel efficient stoves and other energy savings, renewable energy sources 

• Proposal for main phase 

‣ Local implementation unit in Khovd. 

• National team leader 

• ETH Student (6 months) 

• Office manager / accountant 

• Translator (part time) 

• Office assistant 

• Driver 

Technical expertise 

‣ International: CDE (e.g. Ernst Gabathuler, Walter Schläppi), ICIMOD (Pema), ICARDA, 

• 16 days, May (get a feeling for the irrigation potential 

• 28 days, July/August (vegetable growing time) - combining with advice for component 4 

• 16 days, September / October for review and planning of Phase I 

‣ Local: Central and local government (co-funding), World Vision (community empowerment), 

Altai-Sayan Project, MSDF, WWF, Khovd University, CDR 

2.1.3. Component 3 – Pilot actions in formal and informal eco-education are tested and 

prepared for up-scaling 

‣ Assessment of current situation and coordination with existing efforts 

‣ A team of experts will be selected to assess the eco-education curriculum and stakeholders 

analysis in close cooperation with SDC and PIU. 

‣ Mainstreaming and testing of formal education programme 

• Mandated to MNEC, in collaboration with MESC, ADB and other donors and in alignment 

with the national education platform 

‣ Informal education (Awareness raising in Khovd) 

070308 EP.doc 24

• Mandated to an agency that provides a good concept on an awareness raising campaign 

that has the potential to be implemented elsewhere as well 

• Possible agencies include MNE, MECS, Ecological Education Center, ITCNE local 

education departments, schools, national and local media companies, WWF, etc. 

‣ National Environmental Encyclopedia 

• Mandate on a tender basis to an organization that is able to develop a concept paper and 

a project document (incl. costing) on the production of a National Environmental 

Encyclopedia 

‣ Possible international partner institutions: WB library project, Consultant Markus Diebold, 

Education Ministry of Bhutan, KEK, Global Education, Swiss Contact, ADB, 

Timeframe: 

15 days, May 07 for elaborating strategies in formal and informal education, 

coordination with ADB 

15 days, August 07 – streamlining curriculum, results monitoring awareness raising 

15 days, September / October – planning phase I 

2.1.4. Component 4 - National inventory on available and indigenous technologies, reports 

and projects to prevent or combat desertification established at the NCCD 

‣ Local study on indigenous technologies and available reports, assessments, etc. and 

dissemination of results 

• Mandated to NCCD or a scientific organization (e.g. Academy of Science, MSUA – 

Ecological Study Center, EcoAsia), a company or NGO 

‣ Possible international partner institutions: CDE – (Hanspeter Liniger), FAO – has database on 

dry lands, etc. 

Timeframe: 

14 days backstopping mandate (CDE has already an agreement with NRU) 

2.1.5. Management and Capacity Development 

A project implementation unit will be set up in Ulaanbaatar with the main responsibility guarantee 

the delivery of development results. 

‣ Project implementation unit in Ulaanbaatar 

• National Project Manager 

• Office manager / accountant 

• Planning and monitoring officer 

• Translation, coordination, logistical support for consultants 

• Media and Communication (part time outsourcing) 

• IT support (part time) 

• Office assistant 

• Driver 

Support to the implementation unit will be provided partly by SDC in Mongolia (NPO, Country 

Director, Advisor), partly by an international sector advisor. Support will be provided in the following 

five performance areas: 

Knowledge management: This encompasses the development of the development of the 

planning platform, ProDoc and CP. It also includes guidelines, best practice examples, 

reference materials, etc. for effective knowledge sharing, project cycle management and 

international networking. 

Timeframe: 21 days, September 07 for preparing main project document 

070308 EP.doc 25

Managing Human Resources: Training, coaching and empowering the national implementers in 

project management, team building, communication and reporting are a key activities in this 

area. 

Financial Management: SDC in Ulaanbaatar will assist in setting up standard accounting 

procedures and financial management. 

Managing External Relations: SDC HQ will support the project with linking the PIU to centers of 

expertise and consultancy services. SDC in Mongolia will support the project in relating to 

media and all communication needs. 

Managing Internal Relations: SDC in Mongolia will assist the project in selecting partners for the 

implementation of the project and provide training in areas of gender related issues. 

2.2. Specification of services according to components 

The key focus of the international advisory support is to the support capacity of Mongolian key 

institutions and the project in planning processes, strategic orientation and integration with worldwide 

experience in desertification issues worldwide, especially from areas were SDC is already at 

work or from neighboring countries, where development challenges are similar. 

Table 1: Key international advisory Issues for the different project components 

Man Days 

Budget [CHF] 

Key advisory issues for Component 1 28 days 38,000 

Main tasks 

‣ Technical support for the NCCD and national consultants on assessment of 

NCCD capacity and NAP 

‣ Propose a plan of activities to strengthen the set up and function of 

NCCD(staffing, functions etc) 

‣ Identify the linkage of NCCD with local levels (reporting, monitoring, 

training, data collection etc.) 

‣ Review and update the NAP which operational and in line with UNCCD 

framework 

‣ Training for NCCD staff 

‣ Participate in international workshop on desertification to be organized by 

NCCD 

Profile 

‣ Knowledge and experience in strategic planning and institutional set up on 

desertification 

‣ Practical knowledge of best examples of implementation of international 

conventions on desertification 

‣ Excellent networking expertise 

‣ Participatory assessment skills 

‣ Excellent communications and team work skills with different cultural and 

social settings 

‣ Planning and strategic thinking 

‣ Willing to travel and expose to local conditions 

070308 EP.doc 26



‣ Make assessment and propose a model of user group with regards to water 

which reduces the conflict of interests (herders and farmers) 

‣ Propose the local processing and marketing of vegetables and livestock 

products 

‣ Work with partner organizations in providing the training on sustainable use 

and management of natural resources (training trainers, developing training 

materials) 

‣ Assess the energy situation and propose locally efficient energy use 

solutions 

‣ Help in building the demo sites (fencing, seedling, windbreaks) 

Profile 

‣ Knowledge and experience in regional planning 

‣ Ability to use the tools for planning (GIS, remote sending data) 

‣ Community based natural resource management 

‣ Practice with planning on integrated use of resources (agriculture, farming, 

herding, irrigation, marketing) 






‣ Work out strategies and plan for formal and informal education activities in 

cooperation with the national team and aligned with education strategy of 

the country 

‣ Review and streamline the draft curricula ready for testing 

‣ Review and improve the project document on NE 

‣ Develop the result monitoring indicators and help to put to application 

‣ Provide on the job training and experience sharing (in service) with PIU and 

national team 

Profile 

‣ Knowledge and experience in eco education with proven results preferably 

in learner driven curricula development 

‣ Skills of integrating into mainstream strategic education program 



‣ Planning and strategic thinking 


Key advisory issues for Component 4 (Capitalize on CDE resources 

available to SDC) 

14 days 


‣ Support to the enumeration and assessment of indigenous knowledge of 

anti desertification efforts 

‣ Planning on data base building and training the national team/organization 

on data base maintenance 

070308 EP.doc 27

‣ Support to accessing the data base to users 

Profile 

‣ Knowledge of best technology practices on anti desertification in context of 

local environment 

‣ Practical experience of setting up data base on technology 

‣ Excellent IT skills 

‣ Excellent communications and team work skills 

Key advisory issues for the overall management 21 days 34,000 

‣ Assistance in planning, team building, management and technical support 

‣ Developing prodoc, preparation of main phase 

Capitalize 

SDC 

resources 

TOTAL 168 days CHF 213,000 

on 

The costs for a day of international backstopping are calculated at CHF 1344 as an average per 

day, including travel, per diem, etc... The project is well aware that rates differ depending on the 

service provider and that other costs occur, like travel and per diems, which are included in the 

above rates. In line with the requirements of the Paris Declaration the project will carefully plan 

advisory missions together with other donors in the sub-sector to have at least 25% joint missions 

during the implementation period. 

Overall assistance in planning, team building, PCM, gender assessment and other trainings will be 

provided through trainers from SDC HQ, SDC in Mongolia or through other specialized 

organizations. 

070308 EP.doc 28

Annex 8 - Map 1: Ecological zones of Mongolia 

(Source: Geo-Ecological Institute, 1998) 

070308 EP.doc 29

Annex 9 - Map 2: Desertification Map of Mongolia 

(Source: Meteorological Station, 2006) 

070308 EP.doc 30

Annex 10 - Overview of the Planned Coping with 

Desertification Program 

070308 EP.doc 31

Annex 11 - Outcomes and Outputs of the Coping with 

Desertification Project in Mongolia 

Overall Objective of the Coping with Desertification Program 

The program will support the National Committee for Combating Desertification to improve the 

effectiveness of national and international efforts on coping with desertification and promote 

sustainable livelihoods in arid and semi-arid areas. 

Outcome 1 

National Committee for 

Combating Desertification 

(NCCD) is recognized as a 

competency centre on 

desertification issues in 

Mongolia (SCS Country 

Program Outcome 1) 

Output 1.1 

The NCCD is effectively coordinating and aligning programs and activities on 

combating desertification with the National Program on Combating 

Desertification and providing inputs to relevant policy documents 

Output 1.2 

The NCCD is effectively monitoring and reporting on the progress on the 

implementation of the Rio Convention on Combating Desertification to the 

national and international stakeholders. 

Output 1.3 

The NCCD is effectively monitoring the implementation of programs and 

activities in the sector and sharing results and best practices 

Outcome 2 

Supported the 

development of regional 

plans based on the 

integrated use of natural 

resources in three aimags 

and assisted in their 

implementation.) 

Outcome 3 

Environmental 

awareness and 

knowledge about the 

fragile ecosystems among 

Mongolia’s youth raised 

and behavioral changes 

initiated 

Outcome 4 

Appropriate 

technologies for coping 

with desertification and 

managing arid areas are 

developed and 

disseminated 

Output 2.1 

Appropriate tools and methods for regional planning adopted for Mongolia’s 

conditions and suitable institutions trained and empowered to do regional 

planning. 

Output 2.2 

Selected regional plans aiming at improving the livelihoods of the people 

supported in their implementation based on approved priorities and costsharing 

principles 

Output 3.1 

Supported the processing and dissemination of indigenous and other relevant 

knowledge regarding the sustainable use of and care for natural resources 

Output 3.2 

National ecology curriculum for 5-8th grade developed, approved and used 

effectively at all schools in Mongolia by 2010 

Output 4.1 

National and international best practices, tools and methods on combating 

desertification and sustainable resource management are documented 

Output 4.2 

Innovative and concrete actions on improving the livelihoods of people living in 

arid areas demonstrated, evaluated and disseminated 

070308 EP.doc 32

Annex 12 - Review of the National Action Plan for Combating 

Desertification 

Internal Document of the Ministry of Nature and Environment 

The National Program (NAP) for Combating Desertification, which was ratified in 1996, is an official 

strategy and political document for implementation of commitment of Mongolia to the Rio 

Convention on Combating Desertification. 

Mandate 

Implementation plan to reach objectives set out in the NP is as follows: 

I phase (2003-2007): Develop comprehensive action plan to assess current condition for 

desertification, improve legal framework on combating desertification, building national and 

local capacities to combat desertification and making all the necessary preparations for 

adaptation process. 

II phase (2008-2011): Develop policies conducive to restoring degraded environment heavily 

affected by desertification and strengthening capacity to adapt and monitor desertification 

process. 

III phase (from 2012): Utilize all available mechanisms to reverse adverse impact of desertification 

and increase benefits of policies facilitating adaptation to desertification. 

Implementation of I Phase is expected to complete in 2007. Specific objectives in I Phase are: 

1. Combating desertification, developing legal framework to strengthen capacity to mitigate 

the effects of drought 

2. Assessing the desertification in Mongolia and its status, stimulating the expansion of 

research activities. 

3. Intensifying practical measure to combat drought and desertification. 

4. Intensifying activities to facilitate adaptation to desertification, drought and climate change. 

5. Heightening public awareness and expanding its scope in combating desertification. 

Review 

The implementation is slow and not efficient. The main reasons are inadequacy of capacity in 

terms of human and financial resources. 

In the area of legislation, some actions are taking place. The amendments to Land Law, Land Fee 

and Law on Protection of Plants are in process and Law on Water has been passed. But the 

enforcement mechanism is quite low as the laws are not reflecting the interest of use groups. In 

terms of technology some efforts are done. They are basically conventional and symptom treated 

like destroying grasshoppers, building wells (but forgetting maintenance). 

There have been quite a number of assessments, but they usually cover localized areas. The 

methodology of assessment and measuring the desertification is not standardized yet. Therefore, it 

should be careful to make use of highly detailed desertification map of Mongolia, at the scale 

1:100,000, which is being produced by Desertification Study Centre at Geo-Ecological Institute. 

The map will be completed in the fourth quarter of 2006 

070308 EP.doc 33

Meteorology Institute has relatively well supported by physical facilities and network: 

With aid-in-kind, 20 provinces have been connected by VSAT system, 3 aerologic stations and 14 

weather forecasting auto stations have been installed in 3 province centres. With assistance from 

the Government of Japan, weather forecasting observation network for agriculture has been 

extended by positioning 1700 points in bags and soums. 

University of Agriculture and Farming, Geo-ecology and Biology research institutes are working on 

rehabilitating deteriorated environment, slowing sand movement, using technologies and 

methodologies by planting bushes and plants in the Gobi area, mechanical and biological activities 

to slow sand movement. Currently printing and publishing these works for public is not up to the 

standard. 

Projects, financed by the Government of Japan to Create Network for Monitoring Dust Storms and 

Forecasting and Analyzing Capacity Strengthening at the Meteorology Institute, are being 

implemented. Within this project framework, also extending monitoring network of weather 

forecasting and environmental assessment, improving and updating techniques and technologies 

and strengthening personnel capacity. During May and September of 2006, LIDAR and other 

equipment will be installed in Sainshand and Zamiin Uud, according to the plan. 

New equipment for farming such as scales to weigh livestock and harvest, GPS, and weather 

forecasting equipment have been supplied. Within this project framework, ARCGIS9 geographical 

information system, ERDAS8.7 software, LINUX program, and software for statistical prognosis 

have been installed in computers and staff have been trained to use these programs and 

technologies. 

Research and scientific agencies are experimenting with new technologies for planting new sort of 

vegetation that is drought-tolerant and requires less moisture in order to adapt to temperature and 

precipitation change in Western, Eastern and Central zones. Two new wheat varieties with early 

maturation and high tolerance to drought have been successfully developed. 

070308 EP.doc 34

Annex 13 - Key Mongolian Partners 

National Committee for Combating Desertification (NCCD) 

The NCCD is mandated by the government to supervise, monitor, report and evaluate the 

implementation of the National Program for Combating Desertification. The Committee should 

have 12 representatives from different ministries and organizations (Ministry of Nature and 

Environment, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Land Management Agency, Ministry of Finance, 

Ministry of Fuel and Energy, Meteorological Institute under Ministry of Nature and Environment, 

Academy of Sciences (namely the Geo-Ecological Institute and the Institute of Botany) as well as 

representatives from environmental NGOs. The Chairman of the Committee is the Minister of 

Environment and Nature. Ensuring day-to-day operations a secretariat office was set up, to which 

at present one person from the MNE is assigned. 

The committee is responsible for networking with international organizations and reporting on 

progress and challenges of implementation of Rio Convention on Combating Desertification. 

Shortages of human and financial resources, skills and knowledge limit the activities of the 

committee. 

As a consequence the NCCD is not functioning adequately. Projects and activities on combating 

desertification are not coordinated and reports on desertification are often guess work. However, 

the NCCD tries to maintain its role within the international network. Members of the NCCD 

participated the Asian Thematic Network “Combat Desertification and Capacity Strengthening in 

Mitigating the Effects of Drought” (TPN 5) and joined East Asian integrated monitoring network. 

Mongolian Nature and Environment Consortium (MNEC) 

MNEC is an active NGO specializing in environmental awareness and training for communities and 

schools in Mongolia. It is staffed with capable and willing people and is also implementing program 

components for WB and other donors. In 2005/06 MNEC implemented the ‘Developing and Testing 

an Environmental Curriculum’ project for secondary schools in Mongolia, sponsored by SDC. The 

project was a big success, producing a first modern environmental curriculum. It was tested at six 

selected schools. The curriculum is student- centred and involves active participation in the 

learning process. It fits well in school program and got high appraisal from all key stakeholders: 

Students, teachers, MSTCE, and the MNE. 

Geo-Ecological Institute of the Academy of Science (GEI) 

This institute is obliged to make assessments, studies and technology trials in combating 

desertification in Mongolia. It has a total of 50 staff, mainly scientists and researchers. Its 

suggestions and comments are given to policy makers and executing agencies. Recently, a 

desertification Study Centre was set up at the Institute to give more focus and attention to the issue 

of desertification. 

Ecological Training Centre (ETC) of the Mongolian National University (MNU) 

This centre was established in 1957 as a Young Naturalists Station. In 1997 it was renamed into 

the Ecological Training Centre. In 1998, it has become a special implementation unit under the 

Mongolian State University for implementation of the Public eco-education curriculum. 

The ETC is comprised of 3 departments in charge of formal and informal curricula development, 

providing teacher training and refreshment courses and distance learning programs. Student clubs 

are also run by the centre. The Ecological Training Centre is not-for-profit institutions belonging to 

the State University. The Centre partners with Japan based GNC and the biology faculty of the 

MNU. 

Information and Training Centre for Nature and Environment (ITCNE) 

Established in 2002 with financial support of the DED (Deutscher Entwicklungs Dienst), GTZ and 

WWF, the ITCNE has been actively engaged in environmental education activities. A fully 

070308 EP.doc 35

functional Library or the Environmental resource centre is established with collection of reference 

and text books with support from The Asia Foundation. The resource centre is extensively used by 

the students. Contractual consultancy work has been provided for the UNDP and UN Inter-Agency 

intervention on Water and Sanitation in Mongolia and WWF/SIDA Environmental Education 

project. With successful fundraising, the ITCNE is implementing the Eco-Theatre project serving 

the children of ages 3-12. ITCNE partners with WWF, GTZ, Mongolian Buddhist Association, 

Education Authority of Ulaanbaatar City and some others. 

Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Mongolian State University of Agriculture 

The Centre for Ecosystem Studies was established in 2003 and is well equipped to do field 

vegetation survey and laboratory studies ecosystems, particularly on grassland ecosystems. The 

main activities include land vulnerability assessments, desertification assessment, studies on a 

restoration degraded pasture and haymaking lands, and abandoned field and training of local 

governor officers and herders. 

WWF 

WWF started its activities in Mongolia in 1992 focusing mainly on species conservation. They are 

involved in a biodiversity project in Khovd and protection of national parks and landscapes in 

several locations. Recently their focus is shifting from species conservation to improving livelihoods 

of natural resource users, with a focus on watershed protection and management. 

Mongolian Swiss Development Foundation 

The Mongolian Swiss Development Foundation has a branch office in Khovd, which implements a 

project aimed at improving the livelihoods of small entrepreneurs throughout the soums based on 

utilizing local resources. 

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Annex 14 - Rapid Analysis of Donor Projects 

The analysis was done based on the two objectives to 

1. identifying potential partners amongst them for further collaboration 

2. Identifying potential areas for cooperation for effective synergy and avoidance of 

duplications. 

As a basis for the analysis, face-to-face interviews/meetings were held individually and some of the 

final project documents have been used for extracting related information. The scope of the 

projects and programs has been broadened to cover as many as possible projects implemented in 

the environmental field as to some extent they address different subjects of the cross-cutting issue 

of desertification projects. 

Below is the list of meetings held during the consultancy period: 

List of Meetings held: 

1. Feb 13, 2007, Ms. P. Meta, UNDP Res. Representative 

2. Feb 13, 2007, Ms. Narantuya, NPL 

3. Feb 13, 2007, Ms. B. Bunchingiv, NPM, SLMP for CD PDF-B 

4. Feb 15, 2007, Mr. Buyandelger, Department Head, Land Agency 

5. Feb 23, 2007, Mr. D. Erdenechimeg, Director, External Cooperation Division, MoECS 

6. Feb 23, 2007, Ms. Undrakh, NPM, FDI funded Education project with the MoECS 

Interviews held with Donor implemented Project Staff 

1. February 01, 2007 Interview w/D. Enkhtur, PO, NR Sustainable Use and Management 

Program, GTZ, 

2. February 02, 2007 Interview w/Ms. Narantuya, NPL, National Geo-Info Centre project 

3. February 05, 2007 Interview w/IPECON/NZNI staff on 

a. Ms. Narangerel, Information Officer; 

b. Ms. Altanchimeg, Advisor on Sustainable Livelihood 

4. February 06, 2007 Interview w/Ms. Enkhtsetseg, Rural Development Officer, WWF 

Mongolia 

5. February 07, 2007 Interview w/Ms. P. Suvd, Senior Expert, Eco-tourism, NR Sustainable 

Use and Management Program, GTZ 

6. February 07, 2007 Interview w/Mr. Chultem, Senior Surveyor, Cadastral Survey & Land 

registration project, ADB Loan project 

7. February 07, 2007 Interview w/Mr. Chinzorig, NPM, HR Capacity Strengthening for Land 

Management Project, SIDA 

SUMMARY of FINDINGS 

• An analysis of 12 projects implemented in environmental sector by major donors such as 

World Bank, Asian Development Bank, UNDP and others reveals out that only one recently 

started GEF PDF B project on Sustainable Land Management with UNDP attempts to 

mainstream desertification into project activities, yet in an ambiguous term with focus on 

policy and regulatory framework that is already in existence, but lacking practical 

enforcement and implementation. 

• Six out of those remaining 11 projects address pasture management and livestock herding 

practices as overgrazing is considered to be the principal culprit for desertification. Two to 

three other projects respond to controversial land tenure and ownership registration issues 

and remaining 2-3 projects look after overall NR use and management aspects. 

070308 EP.doc 37

• Two projects with highest potential for fund co-pooling and effective synergy are highlighted 

in yellow for an easy reference. Please refer to the Matrix complementary to this section. 

RECOMMENDATION 

Following areas for further pursuit of synergy were explored and talks subject to detailing was 

initiated with management of 2 aforementioned donor funded projects. They include: 

1. Project funded by Royal Netherlands Embassy on National Geo-Information Centre 

for NRM is aimed at supporting macro level environmental decision making for sustainable 

NRM by integrating spacio-temporal factors (RS & GIS). Three project components, namely 

Component 1 on RS based modelling on Desertification as one of 5 environmental areas; 

Component 3 on Early warning system in context of drought and pasture monitoring; 

Component 4 on Support to technical expertise at central and local levels were found 

directly relevant to the proposed project activities. Cost-cutting and fund co-pooling options 

were discussed in the initial form, i.e., by involving pilot area government partners into the 

GIS/RS application trainings scheduled in May/September 2007 trainings and obtaining 

aimag/soum level maps with higher resolution (250 meters) based on MODIS Satellite 

images. 

2. UNDP PDF –B Project funded by GEF on Sustainable Land Management for 

Combating Desertification in Mongolia, possible collaboration and exchange of 

information at the policy framework level for conducting GAP analysis for regulatory 

framework and stakeholder analysis have been pointed out as potential areas for further 

collaboration. 

070308 EP.doc 38

Annex 15 - List of Key Documents 

Ministry of Nature and Environment (2004). National Report on State of Environment 2003, 

Ministry of Nature and Environment. 

Ministry of Nature and Environment. National Program for Combating Desertification, Ministry of 

Nature and Environment: Ulaanbaatar 2003 

Ministry of Nature and Environment. National Programme for Climate Change, Ministry of Nature 

and Environment: Ulaanbaatar 2000 

National Statistical Office of Mongolia and World Bank (2004). Household Income and Expenditure 

Survey 2002-2003, Admon Publishing. 

SDC. Coping with Drought, SDC Bern, 2006 

SDC. Swiss Cooperation Strategy, SCO Ulaanbaatar, 2006 

The Office of the President and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. National Report: Implementation of 

the Millennium Development Goals in Mongolia, Admon Publishing Ltd: Ulaanbaatar 2004 

UN General Assembly (1994). UN Convention to Combat Desertification, UN General Assembly: 

1994 

UNDP: Ecological Assessment of Mongolia, 2000 

USAID Mongolia. Environmental Profile of Mongolia, USAID, Ulaanbaatar, 1998 

World Bank, Food and Agriculture Institute and UNDP. Rural Development Strategy for Mongolia, 

Admon Publishing Ltd., 2002 

070308 EP.doc 39

Annex 16 - Abbreviations 

ADB 

Asia Development Bank 

AoS 

Academy of Science (in Mongolia) 

CD 

Coping with Desertification 

CDE 

Centre for Development and Environment 

CDR 

Centre for Development Research 

CHF 

Swiss Francs 

EGSPRS 

Economic Growth Support and Poverty Reduction Strategy 

ETH 

Federal Institute of Technology 

GEF 

Global Environmental Fund 

GoM 

Government of Mongolia 

HQ 

Head Quarters 

ICARDA 

International Centre for Agriculture Research in Dry Areas 

MDG 

Millennium Development Goals 

MESC 

Ministry of Education, Science and Culture 

MNE 

Ministry of Nature and Environment 

MNEC 

Mongolian Nature and Environment Consortium 

NCCD 

National Committee for Combating Desertification 

NPCD 

National Plan for Combating Desertification 

NRM 

Natural Resource Management 

NZNI/IPECON New Zealand Nature Institute / People Centred Conservation 

PEM 

Pasture Ecosystem Management 

PSU 

Program Support Unit 

RNE 

Royal Netherlands Embassy 

SAM 

Support for Artisanal Mining 

SCO 

Swiss Cooperation Office 

SDC 

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation 

SEG 

Socio-Economic Guidelines 

SLMP 

Sustainable Land Management Project 

UNCCD 

United Nation Conference on Combating Desertification 

UNDP 

United Nations Development Program 

WB 

World Bank 

070308 EP.doc 40

Annex 17 - Support Letter of the Ministry of Environment for 

the Project 

Ministry of Nature and Environment 

August 17, 2006 

To: Markus Dubach, Country Director of Swiss Development Agency in Mongolia 

We have received and discussed your project proposal for Combating Desertification based on 

sustainable use of natural resources. 

This project is in line with the National program for Combating Desertification and other 

environmental programs. Therefore, we are keen to support the implementation of the project. 

Vice Minister 

B. Enkhmandakh 

070308 EP.doc 41

Coping with Desertification in Mongolia - Deza

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