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ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT
ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT
ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 1: ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT 2
- Page 5 and 6: ASNT Certification Guide NDT Level
- Page 7 and 8: 4. Interpretation/ Evaluation • E
- Page 9 and 10: SI Multiplier http://www.poynton.co
- Page 11 and 12: Reading 1 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 13 and 14: Reading 1 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 15 and 16: About Vision Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
- Page 17 and 18: Keywords: • Light Spectrum Charli
- Page 19 and 20: Keywords: • Scoptic & Photopic Vi
- Page 21 and 22: Keywords: • Scotopic- night respo
- Page 23 and 24: Keywords: • Subtractive primaries
- Page 25 and 26: Cyan Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 27 and 28: Light Refraction: Refractive Index
- Page 29 and 30: Light Refraction: Refractive Index
- Page 31 and 32: Surface Luminance: Inverse Square &
- Page 33 and 34: Surface Luminance: Lambert’s Law
- Page 35 and 36: Surface Luminance: Lambert’s Cosi
- Page 37 and 38: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 39 and 40: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 41 and 42: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Surface i
- Page 43 and 44: The lambert (symbol L, la or Lb) is
- Page 45 and 46: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 47 and 48: The Eyes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 49 and 50: Rods and Cones The retina contains
- Page 51 and 52: Rod and Cone Density on Retina Char
- Page 53 and 54:
Rod Details The rods are the most n
- Page 55 and 56:
Keywords: • Cones are responsible
- Page 57 and 58:
Visual Angle Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
- Page 59 and 60:
Visual Acuity: What is 20/20 Vision
- Page 61 and 62:
Color Vision: Photopic Vision depen
- Page 63 and 64:
Ishihara Plates Charlie Chong/ Fion
- Page 65 and 66:
Optical Illusion-Due to Contrast Ch
- Page 67 and 68:
Optical Illusion- Due to Contrast C
- Page 69 and 70:
Optical Illusion- The square A is e
- Page 71 and 72:
Optical Illusion- Simultaneous Cont
- Page 73 and 74:
Optical Illusion - Due to Brightnes
- Page 75 and 76:
Keywords: • Plano • Concavo / C
- Page 77 and 78:
Lenses and the focal lengths Charli
- Page 79 and 80:
Keywords: Surface Features: Affecte
- Page 81 and 82:
Surface Roughness Surface roughness
- Page 83 and 84:
A roughness value can either be cal
- Page 85 and 86:
Since these parameters reduce all o
- Page 87 and 88:
Ra- Average distance of the profile
- Page 89 and 90:
Keywords Anisotropic Surface: Perio
- Page 91 and 92:
Keywords: Anisotropic Surface- has
- Page 93 and 94:
Color & Gloss Visual Comparison for
- Page 95 and 96:
Natural Color System Charlie Chong/
- Page 97 and 98:
Natural Color System Charlie Chong/
- Page 99 and 100:
Munsell Color System Charlie Chong/
- Page 101 and 102:
Geometric Tolerances Charlie Chong/
- Page 103 and 104:
Metal Cells → Crystals Charlie Ch
- Page 105 and 106:
Keywords: • Atoms • Cells • C
- Page 107 and 108:
Keywords: Electrochemical Nature of
- Page 109 and 110:
Keywords: Metal Working Processes
- Page 111 and 112:
Metal Casting Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
- Page 113 and 114:
• Primary forming processes - Met
- Page 115 and 116:
• Primary forming processes - Met
- Page 117 and 118:
• Secondary forming processes - M
- Page 119 and 120:
• Primary forming processes - Met
- Page 121 and 122:
• Primary forming processes - Met
- Page 123 and 124:
• Primary forming processes - Met
- Page 125 and 126:
• Secondary forming processes Cha
- Page 127 and 128:
• Secondary forming processes Cha
- Page 129 and 130:
• Finishing processes Charlie Cho
- Page 131 and 132:
• Finishing processes Charlie Cho
- Page 133 and 134:
• Joining Process Charlie Chong/
- Page 135 and 136:
• Services Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
- Page 137 and 138:
• Services Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
- Page 139 and 140:
Profilometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
- Page 141 and 142:
Section 4: Documentation & Analysis
- Page 143 and 144:
The processes of producing replica
- Page 145 and 146:
In-situ Metallographic Replication
- Page 147 and 148:
The techniques: A standardized tech
- Page 149 and 150:
ASNT Level III VT- Reading 2 Pre-Ex
- Page 151 and 152:
Pump: A pump is a device that moves
- Page 153 and 154:
Centrifugal Pumps The pump impeller
- Page 155 and 156:
Seismic snubbers Charlie Chong/ Fio
- Page 157 and 158:
Forging: Rolling Defects Hear what
- Page 159 and 160:
Scabs Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 161 and 162:
Scabs Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 163 and 164:
Slivers On Rolled Steel Products
- Page 165 and 166:
Slivers are loose or torn segments
- Page 167 and 168:
Seams On Rolled Steel Products Char
- Page 169 and 170:
Seams On Rolled Steel Products Char
- Page 171 and 172:
Seams can be detected visually by e
- Page 173 and 174:
My rule of thumb was that if it was
- Page 175 and 176:
Laps On Rolled Steel Products Charl
- Page 177 and 178:
Laps: An etch of the full section s
- Page 179 and 180:
Cross section of steel bar exhibiti
- Page 181 and 182:
This post will focus on the central
- Page 183 and 184:
Chevron Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 185 and 186:
Polarization: (also polarisation) i
- Page 187 and 188:
Bolt Naming Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
- Page 189 and 190:
About Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/
- Page 191 and 192:
Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/ Fion
- Page 193 and 194:
Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/ Fion
- Page 195 and 196:
Borescope • Objective lens • Re
- Page 197 and 198:
Diffraction refers to various pheno
- Page 199 and 200:
Diffraction http://physicshelp.co.u
- Page 201 and 202:
Diffraction Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
- Page 203 and 204:
Diffraction Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
- Page 205 and 206:
Diffraction Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
- Page 207 and 208:
Optical filters are devices that se
- Page 209 and 210:
Borescope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 211 and 212:
Level II- Notes My self Study Notes
- Page 213 and 214:
Steel Ingots Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
- Page 215 and 216:
Steel Ingots Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
- Page 217 and 218:
Level II Question on Ingot (my mist
- Page 219 and 220:
Ingot Discontinuities http://www.su
- Page 221 and 222:
Metal - More Reading Nondestructive
- Page 223 and 224:
Bimetallic Thermometer: Charlie Cho
- Page 225 and 226:
Hyperthermia Treatment Sitting in a
- Page 227 and 228:
Photometry is the science of the me
- Page 229 and 230:
Stroboscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
- Page 231 and 232:
A stroboscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
- Page 233 and 234:
Photopic (daytime-adapted, black cu
- Page 235 and 236:
Color Additive color is light creat
- Page 237 and 238:
Metallurgical Microscope An optical
- Page 239 and 240:
Ocular Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 241 and 242:
Single Len Magnification Magnifying
- Page 243 and 244:
Astigmatism is an optical defect in
- Page 245 and 246:
Farsightedness/ Hyperobia Charlie C
- Page 247 and 248:
About Sampling Terms & Definitions
- Page 249 and 250:
Acceptance Sampling Plan A specific
- Page 251 and 252:
AOQL Acronym for Average Outgoing Q
- Page 253 and 254:
AQL ..continues Comment: This defin
- Page 255 and 256:
ASN curve Acronym for Average Sampl
- Page 257 and 258:
Margin of Error The sampling error
- Page 259 and 260:
RQL Acronym for Rejectable Quality
- Page 261 and 262:
Statistically Valid An acceptance s
- Page 263 and 264:
About Light & Vision Charlie Chong/
- Page 265 and 266:
Blue-light hazard is defined as the
- Page 267 and 268:
Classical interference microscopy (
- Page 269 and 270:
Fillet Weld Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
- Page 271 and 272:
Concave Fillet Weld= Weld Size < We
- Page 273 and 274:
Fig. 1 - Fillet weld measurements:
- Page 275 and 276:
Fillet weld sizes must be large eno
- Page 277 and 278:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 279 and 280:
Photoemissive, Photovoltaic, Photoc
- Page 281 and 282:
The light wavelength range over whi
- Page 283 and 284:
Photoconductivity is an optical and
- Page 285 and 286:
ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
- Page 287 and 288:
At Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 289 and 290:
Certifications- ASNT *Time in Metho
- Page 291 and 292:
Vision Factors The focus of the len
- Page 293 and 294:
The Eyes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 295 and 296:
Starry Night Light sensitivity: 10
- Page 297 and 298:
Drill Rig at Bright Sunny Morning C
- Page 299 and 300:
Eye Refractivity At Relax Accommoda
- Page 301 and 302:
Myopia- Near Sightedness Charlie Ch
- Page 303 and 304:
Hyperopia - Farsightedness Charlie
- Page 305 and 306:
Hyperopia - Farsightedness Charlie
- Page 307 and 308:
The two kinds of light receptors in
- Page 309 and 310:
q Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 311 and 312:
Pupil, Iris, Sclera Charlie Chong/
- Page 313 and 314:
The Eye Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 315 and 316:
Keywords: Hue / Tone- Color Charlie
- Page 317 and 318:
Keywords: Hue / Tone- Color Charlie
- Page 319 and 320:
Color Characteristics Saturation: A
- Page 321 and 322:
Saturation Brightness (value) Satur
- Page 323 and 324:
The Colors: Hue/ Saturation & Brigh
- Page 325 and 326:
Glare Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 327 and 328:
Spectrum Limits of Visibility The e
- Page 329 and 330:
The Universe - The hidden colors Ch
- Page 331 and 332:
18 percent neutral gray card Charli
- Page 333 and 334:
Lighting: (applicable for NRC only)
- Page 335 and 336:
Magnification Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
- Page 337 and 338:
Visual Examination Code Requirement
- Page 339 and 340:
The Jaeger eye chart is used for re
- Page 341 and 342:
ASME BPVC-XI-2010 2010 ASME Boiler
- Page 343 and 344:
A summary of ASME IWA-2212 VT-2 req
- Page 345 and 346:
AWS Certified Welding Inspector Ame
- Page 347 and 348:
Direction of View (DOV) Charlie Cho
- Page 349 and 350:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 351 and 352:
Reading 4 ASNT Nondestructive Handb
- Page 353 and 354:
SECTION 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF VISUAL AN
- Page 355 and 356:
PART 4: Safety for visual and optic
- Page 357 and 358:
For the purposes of this book, visu
- Page 359 and 360:
Keywords: Objects: • Testing of o
- Page 361 and 362:
1.3.2 Light Sources The light sourc
- Page 363 and 364:
Gas-discharge lamps are a family of
- Page 365 and 366:
Vapor Discharged Lamp Charlie Chong
- Page 367 and 368:
Vapor Discharged Lamp Charlie Chong
- Page 369 and 370:
Monochromator used prisms or gratin
- Page 371 and 372:
Monochromator used prisms or gratin
- Page 373 and 374:
Monochromator used prisms or gratin
- Page 375 and 376:
Monochromator used prisms or gratin
- Page 377 and 378:
1Stroboscopic Movement Charlie Chon
- Page 379 and 380:
Stroboscopic Movement Charlie Chong
- Page 381 and 382:
Stroboscopic Sources Charlie Chong/
- Page 383 and 384:
千 手 观 音 Charlie Chong/ Fion
- Page 385 and 386:
千 手 观 音 Charlie Chong/ Fion
- Page 387 and 388:
Keywords: Photoelectricity detectio
- Page 389 and 390:
Bolometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 391 and 392:
Bolometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 393 and 394:
Thermopiles Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
- Page 395 and 396:
Multi-Junction Thermopiles The ther
- Page 397 and 398:
Photomultiplier Photomultiplier tub
- Page 399 and 400:
Photomultiplier Secondary emission
- Page 401 and 402:
Photomultiplier Charlie Chong/ Fion
- Page 403 and 404:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 405 and 406:
Photovoltaic Cell Charlie Chong/ Fi
- Page 407 and 408:
Photoemissive Cell Charlie Chong/ F
- Page 409 and 410:
1.3.5 Fluorescence Detection A mate
- Page 411 and 412:
More Reading on Light Light Measure
- Page 413 and 414:
2.1.1 Cystoscopes and Borescopes In
- Page 415 and 416:
2.1.2 Gastroscopes and Flexible Bor
- Page 417 and 418:
Keywords: Conventional Borescope Be
- Page 419 and 420:
2.1.3 American Development of Bores
- Page 421 and 422:
FIGURE 1. George Crampton, develope
- Page 423 and 424:
FIGURE 4. Periscope built in the 19
- Page 425 and 426:
FIGURE 5. Using a borescope, an ins
- Page 427 and 428:
Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
- Page 429 and 430:
Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
- Page 431 and 432:
FIGURE 6. Inspector using a boresco
- Page 433 and 434:
2.2.0 Certification of Visual Inspe
- Page 435 and 436:
2.2.2 Expanded Need for Visual Cert
- Page 437 and 438:
Part 3: VISION AND LIGHT 3.1 The Ph
- Page 439 and 440:
3.1.2 Differentiation in the Field
- Page 441 and 442:
3.1.3 Searching the Field of View T
- Page 443 and 444:
Experimentation in the area of visu
- Page 445 and 446:
The diagram in Fig. 9 represents a
- Page 447 and 448:
http://art.nmu.edu/cognates/ad175/b
- Page 449 and 450:
3.3.2 Components of the Human Eye T
- Page 451 and 452:
FIGURE 10. Components of the human
- Page 453 and 454:
To ensure reliable observation, the
- Page 455 and 456:
Keywords: • The average eye views
- Page 457 and 458:
3.4.2 Near Vision Examinations The
- Page 459 and 460:
3.4.4 Grading Vision Acuity The cri
- Page 461 and 462:
An eye chart is a chart used to mea
- Page 463 and 464:
Snellen Chart- Far Vision Acuity Ch
- Page 465 and 466:
Jaeger chart Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
- Page 467 and 468:
FIGURE 12. Letters used for acuity
- Page 469 and 470:
Many of the lighting conditions for
- Page 471 and 472:
There are slight differences betwee
- Page 473 and 474:
FIGURE 13. Vision acuity of periphe
- Page 475 and 476:
3.5.3 Visual Testing Viewing Angle
- Page 477 and 478:
The same principle applies to objec
- Page 479 and 480:
3.6.2 Color Vision Examinations Ten
- Page 481 and 482:
Color Vision Examinations-Ishihara
- Page 483 and 484:
Acquired color deficiency is a grea
- Page 485 and 486:
TABLE 2. Causes of acquired color v
- Page 487 and 488:
Anomaloscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
- Page 489 and 490:
TABLE 3. Classification of color vi
- Page 491 and 492:
For the practical purpose of classi
- Page 493 and 494:
Pseudoisochromatic plates http://ww
- Page 495 and 496:
The exam consists of the examinee's
- Page 497 and 498:
To perform such an examination, two
- Page 499 and 500:
PLATE 1. Colored caps for normal co
- Page 501 and 502:
PLATE 3. Colored caps for normal co
- Page 503 and 504:
PLATE 5. Colored caps for green bli
- Page 505 and 506:
PLATE 7. Colored caps for anomalous
- Page 507 and 508:
Fluorescence is the absorption of l
- Page 509 and 510:
Keywords: Studies show that the int
- Page 511 and 512:
FIGURE 15. Electromagnetic spectrum
- Page 513 and 514:
FIGURE 15. Electromagnetic spectrum
- Page 515 and 516:
FIGURE 16. Human eye response at 10
- Page 517 and 518:
FIGURE 16. Human eye response to li
- Page 519 and 520:
Eye Spectra Responds: http://www.te
- Page 521 and 522:
Fluorescence Testing Charlie Chong/
- Page 523 and 524:
Fluorescence Testing Charlie Chong/
- Page 525 and 526:
Fluorescence Testing Charlie Chong/
- Page 527 and 528:
Part 4: SAFETY FOR VISUAL AND OPTIC
- Page 529 and 530:
The majority of such light-dark eff
- Page 531 and 532:
Because of the publicity of the hea
- Page 533 and 534:
However, the probability of visual
- Page 535 and 536:
FIGURE 1 7. Typical retinal burn th
- Page 537 and 538:
4.4 Ultraviolet Hazards Before deve
- Page 539 and 540:
It should also be mentioned that so
- Page 541 and 542:
For purposes of determining exposur
- Page 543 and 544:
TABLE 5. Threshold limit values for
- Page 545 and 546:
4.6 Damage to the Retina It is poss
- Page 547 and 548:
This analysis strictly holds only f
- Page 549 and 550:
4.7 Thermal Factor Visible and near
- Page 551 and 552:
Fortunately, few arc sources are su
- Page 553 and 554:
4.9 Visual Safety Recommendations T
- Page 555 and 556:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 557 and 558:
For my coming ASNT Level III VT Exa
- Page 559 and 560:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
- Page 561 and 562:
SECTION 2: The Physics of Light PAR
- Page 563 and 564:
PART 1: THE PHYSICS OF LIGHT 1.0 Ge
- Page 565 and 566:
Wave Theory The wave theory of radi
- Page 567 and 568:
Quantum Theory The quantum theory i
- Page 569 and 570:
The quantum theory and the electrom
- Page 571 and 572:
All forms of radiant energy are tra
- Page 573 and 574:
Planck and the Quanta In 1900, Max
- Page 575 and 576:
1.3 Blackbody Radiation The light f
- Page 577 and 578:
Black-body radiation is the type of
- Page 579 and 580:
1.3.1 Planck Radiation Law Data des
- Page 581 and 582:
FIGURE 2. Blackbody radiation curve
- Page 583 and 584:
FIGURE 2. Blackbody radiation curve
- Page 585 and 586:
The color (chromaticity) of black-b
- Page 587 and 588:
Wien Radiation Law Charlie Chong/ F
- Page 589 and 590:
1.3.4 Spectral Emissivity No known
- Page 591 and 592:
FIGURE 3. Radiation curves for blac
- Page 593 and 594:
1.3.7 Color Temperature The radiati
- Page 595 and 596:
1.4 Atomic Structure and Radiation
- Page 597 and 598:
Plank’s Equation Charlie Chong/ F
- Page 599 and 600:
1.5 Luminous Efficiency of Radiant
- Page 601 and 602:
Most observers yield only a slight
- Page 603 and 604:
PART 2: MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPERTI
- Page 605 and 606:
FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
- Page 607 and 608:
FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
- Page 609 and 610:
2.2 Photoconductor Cells Photocondu
- Page 611 and 612:
2.3 Photoelectric Tubes The photoel
- Page 613 and 614:
Photoelectric Effects Charlie Chong
- Page 615 and 616:
Photoelectric Effects http://whs.ws
- Page 617 and 618:
Photodiode Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
- Page 619 and 620:
Photodiode Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
- Page 621 and 622:
Phototransistors Charlie Chong/ Fio
- Page 623 and 624:
2.5.1 Observer Response Curves Ligh
- Page 625 and 626:
Photopic and Scotopic Vision Charli
- Page 627 and 628:
Between the levels at which the eye
- Page 629 and 630:
2.5.3 Measurable Quantities As indi
- Page 631 and 632:
2.6 Principles of Photometry 2.6.0
- Page 633 and 634:
2.6.2 Lambert Cosine Law The Lamber
- Page 635 and 636:
2.6.3 Photometric Reference Standar
- Page 637 and 638:
2.6.5 Means of Achieving Attenuatio
- Page 639 and 640:
Neutral gelatin filters are satisfa
- Page 641 and 642:
Both types of meters may be grouped
- Page 643 and 644:
2.8 Photovoltaic Cell Meters 2.8.0
- Page 645 and 646:
2.8.1 Spectral Response The spectra
- Page 647 and 648:
2.8.2 Transient Effects When expose
- Page 649 and 650:
The possibility of cosine error mus
- Page 651 and 652:
2.8.5 Effect of Cyclical Variation
- Page 653 and 654:
2.8.7 Electrical interference With
- Page 655 and 656:
Because of the large number of phot
- Page 657 and 658:
Luminance Photometers Charlie Chong
- Page 659 and 660:
2.9.3 High Sensitivity Photometer O
- Page 661 and 662:
High Sensitivity Photometer Charlie
- Page 663 and 664:
2.10.2 Visual Task Photometer The v
- Page 665 and 666:
Visual Equivalent Sphere Illuminati
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Visual Equivalent Sphere Illuminati
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Visual Equivalent Sphere Illuminati
- Page 671 and 672:
Background illuminance is then reco
- Page 673 and 674:
2.11 Reflectometers Reflectometers
- Page 675 and 676:
Various instruments are available f
- Page 677 and 678:
2.12 Radiometers Radiometers are so
- Page 679 and 680:
Various types of silicon photodiode
- Page 681 and 682:
2.13 Spectrophotometers Photometry
- Page 683 and 684:
Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ F
- Page 685 and 686:
Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ F
- Page 687 and 688:
Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ F
- Page 689 and 690:
2.14 Types of Photometers 2.14.1 Op
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2.14.3 Goniometer and Single Cell T
- Page 693 and 694:
2.14.4 Fixed Multiple Cell Photomet
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2.14.5 Moving Cell Photometer The m
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2.14.6 Moving Mirror Photometer In
- Page 699 and 700:
The presence of a finite source, it
- Page 701 and 702:
Integrating Sphere Photometer Charl
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ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
- Page 705 and 706:
At works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 707 and 708:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
- Page 709 and 710:
SECTION 3: THE VISUAL AND OPTICAL T
- Page 711 and 712:
PART 4: VISUAL WELD TESTING PERFORM
- Page 713 and 714:
TABLE 1. Summary of the visual and
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1.1 Visual Testing in Product Desig
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1.2 Designing for Quality Assurance
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Management must decide what quality
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2.1 Cleanliness The act of seeing d
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This is done by increasing the angl
- Page 725 and 726:
2.3 Lighting for Visual Tests The a
- Page 727 and 728:
2.4 Light Intensities The nanometer
- Page 729 and 730:
Keywords: • A minimum intensity o
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Light measuring device- Photometer
- Page 733 and 734:
More clinically precise ways of mea
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FIGURE 1. Minimum angle for typical
- Page 737 and 738:
The lens does not pass light of the
- Page 739 and 740:
of color sensitive cones, nearly al
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FIGURE 2. Cross section of the eye,
- Page 743 and 744:
Rods and cones differ in the minimu
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3.4 Receptors Because receptors are
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3.5 Perception 3.5.0 General In ter
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FIGURE 3. In the MUller-Lyer illusi
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FIGURE 3. In the MUller-Lyer illusi
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3.5.2 Effects of Fatigue Seeing is
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Diabetic retinopathy is another con
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3.5.4 Effect of Observer's Attitude
- Page 759 and 760:
The optical image on the retina is
- Page 761 and 762:
3.6.2 Refractivity and Binocular Vi
- Page 763 and 764:
Myopia Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 765 and 766:
Hyperopia Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 767 and 768:
3.6.3 Distance Judgment Binocular v
- Page 769 and 770:
3.7.1 Photochemical Processes The m
- Page 771 and 772:
3.7.2 Light Receptors The two kinds
- Page 773 and 774:
Light Receptors http://ncifrederick
- Page 775 and 776:
Cones http://users.rcn.com/jkimball
- Page 777 and 778:
3.8.1 Color Characteristics Every c
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3.8.2 Color Changes The critical ev
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3.9 Observer Differences The visibi
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4.1 Near Vision Acuity The majority
- Page 785 and 786:
4.3 Target Detection A critical per
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FIGURE 4. General view of 20/20 nea
- Page 789 and 790:
FIGURE 6. Photograph of 0.75 mm (0.
- Page 791 and 792:
4.4.2 Lighting and Target Angle Nea
- Page 793 and 794:
4.4.4 Psychophysics Psychophysics i
- Page 795 and 796:
4.6 Performance Standards for Visua
- Page 797 and 798:
FIGURE 8. Same plate as in Figure 8
- Page 799 and 800:
Transverse cracks can be fabricated
- Page 801 and 802:
Therefore, a reliable method must b
- Page 803 and 804:
There are several integrated visual
- Page 805 and 806:
4.9 Scanning Techniques Detection i
- Page 807 and 808:
Scanning coverage requires a visual
- Page 809 and 810:
The other key feature of artificial
- Page 811 and 812:
Dye Penetrant Testing Charlie Chong
- Page 813 and 814:
The blind test regime represents th
- Page 815 and 816:
Expert Diver at works Charlie Chong
- Page 817 and 818:
Expert Diver at works Charlie Chong
- Page 819 and 820:
Keywords: • some loss of depth cu
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The few visual standards that refer
- Page 823 and 824:
Remote Visual Tests Charlie Chong/
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Remote Visual Tests Charlie Chong/
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4.13 Other Factors Affecting Percep
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4.14 Recommendations for Visual Wel
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4.15 Conclusion Improved training a
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ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
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At works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
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SECTION 4: BASIC AIDS AND ACCESSORI
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PART 4: MACHINE VISION TECHNOLOGY 4
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PART 6: TEMPERATURE INDICATING MATE
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PART 1: BASIC VISUAL AIDS 1.0 Gener
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Inspector’s Factors Charlie Chong
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Inspector’s Factors Charlie Chong
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1.1 Effects of the Test Object The
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FIGURE 2. Arrows indicate portion o
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FIGURE 4. Reflectivity helps determ
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FIGURE 6. Object depth (arrows) is
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Keywords: 1. Entry port size determ
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At Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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At Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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At Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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At Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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At Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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PART 2: MAGNIFIERS 2.1 Range of Cha
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Bi-Convex Microscope Charlie Chong/
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Bright Field Microscope Charlie Cho
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Bright Field Microscope Charlie Cho
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Oblique Microscopy Charlie Chong/ F
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Polarized Microscopy Charlie Chong/
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Interference Microscopy Charlie Cho
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Interference Microscopy Charlie Cho
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Interference Microscopy A picture f
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Interference Microscopy Charlie Cho
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Phase Contrast Microscopy Charlie C
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Chromatic correction (to eliminate
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Table 1 shows the characteristics o
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Reader Lens Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Eyeglass Loupe Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Eyeglass Loupe Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Triplet Magnifier Charlie Chong/ Fi
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2.1.2 Surface Comparators The surfa
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Other Surface Comparators Charlie C
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2.1.3 Measuring Magnifier A measuri
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2.1.4 Illuminated Magnifiers Illumi
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2.2 Low Power Microscopes 2.2.0 Gen
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Wide Field Tubes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Wide Field Tubes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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FIGURE 10. Typical measuring scales
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2.3.1 Wide Field Stereoscopic Micro
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FIGURE 11. Wide field stereoscopic
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2.3.2 Shop Microscope The shop micr
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Shop Microscope Charlie Chong/ Fion
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2.3.3 Brinell Microscope The Brinel
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Brinell Microscope Charlie Chong/ F
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Brinell Microscope Charlie Chong/ F
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Brinell Microscope Charlie Chong/ F
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Brinell Microscope Charlie Chong/ F
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Vicker Hardness Microscope Charlie
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2.4.1 Laboratory Microscope The con
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Metallurgical Microscope Charlie Ch
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2.4.2 Metallurgical Microscope The
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Metallographic Microscope Charlie C
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Polarizing Microscope on liquids Ch
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Polarizing Microscope on Liquid Cry
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Polarizing Microscope Charlie Chong
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objective is also available as an a
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Interference Microscope Charlie Cho
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Interference Microscope Charlie Cho
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FIGURE 12. Arrangement of elements
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FIGURE 12. Arrangement of elements
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Phase contrast microscopy is partic
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Phase contrast microscopy Charlie C
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As the name suggests, the differenc
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Phase Contrast Microscopy Charlie C
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Phase Contrast Microscopy Charlie C
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PART 3: BORESCOPES 3.1 Fiber Optic
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Fiber Optic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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FIGURE 14. Light paths in fiber bun
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Fiber Image Guides Charlie Chong/ F
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Fiber Image Guides Charlie Chong/ F
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3.1.2 Fiber Light Guides Another fi
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Fiber Image Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Rigid Borescopes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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3.2.1 Focusing a Rigid Borescope Th
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FIGURE 19. Borescope images with va
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3.2.2 Need for Specifications Becau
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3.2.3 Setup of a Rigid Borescope To
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FIGURE 22. Field of view width for
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FIGURE 23. Mini-borescope wide angl
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3.3 Special Purpose Borescopes Angu
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Panoramic borescopes Charlie Chong/
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Aircraft propeller blades are visua
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Aircraft Inspection Applications Ch
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Aircraft Inspection Applications Ch
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3.4.2 Automotive Industry Borescope
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3.4.3 Machine Shops Borescopes find
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3.4.4 Power Plants In steam power p
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3.4.6 Petroleum Industry Borescopes
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3.5.1 Angles of Vision To meet a wi
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3.5.2 General Characteristics Desir
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3.5.4 Depth of Focus, Field of View
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The entrance pupil is that image of
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3.6 Borescope Construction A boresc
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FIGURE 25. Components of typical bo
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Another application of the right an
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3.6.2 Forward Oblique Borescopes Th
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3.6.5 Section Borescopes Borescopes
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3.7 Special Purpose Borescopes Bore
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Periscopes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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3.7.4 Panoramic Borescopes The pano
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TABLE 6. Specifications of forward
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3.7.5 Reading Borescopes Low power
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FIGURE 28. Panoramic borescope: (a)
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Photography of the interiors of lar
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 1055 and 1056:
ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
- Page 1057 and 1058:
At works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 1059 and 1060:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
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SECTION 4: BASIC AIDS AND ACCESSORI
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PART 4: MACHINE VISION TECHNOLOGY 4
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PART 6: TEMPERATURE INDICATING MATE
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PART 4: MACHINE VISION TECHNOLOGY 1
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5.1 Cellulose Acetate Replication A
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5.1.2 Fracture Surface Analysis The
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Replicas, in the as-stripped condit
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Microstructural replication is done
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If analysis with the scanning elect
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Sputter deposition is a physical va
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Sputtering http://en.wikipedia.org/
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Sputtering http://clearmetalsinc.co
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Sputter Deposition Charlie Chong/ F
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5.1.4 Strain Replication The replic
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FIGURE 56. Principles of acetate ta
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Fatigue striations Charlie Chong/ F
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FIGURE 59. Documentation of creep d
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FIGURE 60. Documentation of stress
- Page 1097 and 1098:
TABLE 14. Action required for creep
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Cellulose Acetate Replication http:
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Replication Microscopy Techniques f
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Replication Microscopy Techniques f
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5.2.1 Use of Silicone Replicating M
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FIGURE 63. Silicon replicas used to
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Brittle Failure Chevron Marking Cha
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PART 6: TEMPERATURE INDICATING MATE
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Temperature indicating sticks were
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Levels of Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
- Page 1117 and 1118:
6.2 Certification of Temperature In
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6.3 Applications for Temperature In
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6.3.2 Verifying Oven Temperatures T
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6.3.4 Process Control Applications
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6.3.6 Precise Post forming Heat Con
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Another example of handforrning is
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6.3.7 Pipeline Coatings Epoxy powde
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The most common use for temperature
- Page 1133 and 1134:
FIGURE 67. Temperature indicating s
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PART 7: CHEMICAL AIDS 7.0 General T
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7.1 Test Object Selection Figure 68
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7.2 Surface Preparation Preparation
- Page 1141 and 1142:
7.2.2 Removing Rust and Scale Rust
- Page 1143 and 1144:
If the required finish cannot be ac
- Page 1145 and 1146:
FIGURE 70. Example of contrast reve
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7.3.2 Safety Precautions Etchants a
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Etchant Safety Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Etchant Safety Charlie Chong/ Fion
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7.3.3 Containers Containers used wi
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1. add the acid or alkali to the wa
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7.3.6 Disposal Before disposing of
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7.4.2 Swabbing Etching may also be
- Page 1161 and 1162:
7.4.4 Test Object Preservation Rins
- Page 1163 and 1164:
7.5 Conclusion Visual testing is pe
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Cellulose Replica Sheets Charlie Ch
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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A As-Cast Condition: Casting withou
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C Casting Yield: The weight of cast
- Page 1173 and 1174:
Coreprint: A projection on a patter
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E Ejector Pins: Movable pins in the
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I Inclusions: Particles of slag, re
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M Mold: The form, made of sand, met
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P Parting Line: A mark or line prod
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