ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT

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Optical Illusion- Simultaneous Contrast Illusion. The background is a color gradient and progresses from dark grey to light grey. The horizontal bar appears to progress from light grey to dark grey, but is in fact just one colour. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Optical Illusion – Due to Brightness Bright objects look larger than the dark objects of the same size. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT 2
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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ASNT Certification Guide NDT Level
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4. Interpretation/ Evaluation • E
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SI Multiplier http://www.poynton.co
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Reading 1 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Reading 1 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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About Vision Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Keywords: • Light Spectrum Charli
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Keywords: • Scoptic & Photopic Vi
Page 21 and 22: Keywords: • Scotopic- night respo
Page 23 and 24: Keywords: • Subtractive primaries
Page 25 and 26: Cyan Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 27 and 28: Light Refraction: Refractive Index
Page 29 and 30: Light Refraction: Refractive Index
Page 31 and 32: Surface Luminance: Inverse Square &
Page 33 and 34: Surface Luminance: Lambert’s Law
Page 35 and 36: Surface Luminance: Lambert’s Cosi
Page 37 and 38: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 41 and 42: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Surface i
Page 43 and 44: The lambert (symbol L, la or Lb) is
Page 47 and 48: The Eyes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 49 and 50: Rods and Cones The retina contains
Page 51 and 52: Rod and Cone Density on Retina Char
Page 53 and 54: Rod Details The rods are the most n
Page 55 and 56: Keywords: • Cones are responsible
Page 57 and 58: Visual Angle Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
Page 59 and 60: Visual Acuity: What is 20/20 Vision
Page 61 and 62: Color Vision: Photopic Vision depen
Page 63 and 64: Ishihara Plates Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 65 and 66: Optical Illusion-Due to Contrast Ch
Page 67 and 68: Optical Illusion- Due to Contrast C
Page 69 and 70: Optical Illusion- The square A is e
Page 71: Optical Illusion- Simultaneous Cont
Page 75 and 76: Keywords: • Plano • Concavo / C
Page 77 and 78: Lenses and the focal lengths Charli
Page 79 and 80: Keywords: Surface Features: Affecte
Page 81 and 82: Surface Roughness Surface roughness
Page 83 and 84: A roughness value can either be cal
Page 85 and 86: Since these parameters reduce all o
Page 87 and 88: Ra- Average distance of the profile
Page 89 and 90: Keywords Anisotropic Surface: Perio
Page 91 and 92: Keywords: Anisotropic Surface- has
Page 93 and 94: Color & Gloss Visual Comparison for
Page 95 and 96: Natural Color System Charlie Chong/
Page 97 and 98: Natural Color System Charlie Chong/
Page 99 and 100: Munsell Color System Charlie Chong/
Page 101 and 102: Geometric Tolerances Charlie Chong/
Page 103 and 104: Metal Cells → Crystals Charlie Ch
Page 105 and 106: Keywords: • Atoms • Cells • C
Page 107 and 108: Keywords: Electrochemical Nature of
Page 109 and 110: Keywords: Metal Working Processes
Page 111 and 112: Metal Casting Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
Page 113 and 114: • Primary forming processes - Met
Page 117 and 118: • Secondary forming processes - M
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• Primary forming processes - Met
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• Secondary forming processes Cha
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• Secondary forming processes Cha
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• Finishing processes Charlie Cho
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• Finishing processes Charlie Cho
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• Joining Process Charlie Chong/
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• Services Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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• Services Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Profilometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Section 4: Documentation & Analysis
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The processes of producing replica
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In-situ Metallographic Replication
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The techniques: A standardized tech
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ASNT Level III VT- Reading 2 Pre-Ex
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Pump: A pump is a device that moves
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Centrifugal Pumps The pump impeller
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Seismic snubbers Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Forging: Rolling Defects Hear what
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Scabs Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Scabs Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Slivers On Rolled Steel Products
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Slivers are loose or torn segments
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Seams On Rolled Steel Products Char
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Seams On Rolled Steel Products Char
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Seams can be detected visually by e
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My rule of thumb was that if it was
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Laps On Rolled Steel Products Charl
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Laps: An etch of the full section s
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Cross section of steel bar exhibiti
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This post will focus on the central
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Chevron Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Polarization: (also polarisation) i
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Bolt Naming Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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About Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/
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Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Borescope • Objective lens • Re
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Diffraction refers to various pheno
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Diffraction http://physicshelp.co.u
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Diffraction Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Optical filters are devices that se
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Borescope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Level II- Notes My self Study Notes
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Steel Ingots Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Steel Ingots Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Level II Question on Ingot (my mist
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Ingot Discontinuities http://www.su
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Metal - More Reading Nondestructive
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Bimetallic Thermometer: Charlie Cho
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Hyperthermia Treatment Sitting in a
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Photometry is the science of the me
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Stroboscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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A stroboscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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Photopic (daytime-adapted, black cu
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Color Additive color is light creat
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Metallurgical Microscope An optical
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Ocular Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Single Len Magnification Magnifying
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Astigmatism is an optical defect in
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Farsightedness/ Hyperobia Charlie C
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About Sampling Terms & Definitions
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Acceptance Sampling Plan A specific
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AOQL Acronym for Average Outgoing Q
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AQL ..continues Comment: This defin
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ASN curve Acronym for Average Sampl
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Margin of Error The sampling error
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RQL Acronym for Rejectable Quality
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Statistically Valid An acceptance s
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About Light & Vision Charlie Chong/
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Blue-light hazard is defined as the
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Classical interference microscopy (
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Fillet Weld Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Concave Fillet Weld= Weld Size < We
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Fig. 1 - Fillet weld measurements:
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Fillet weld sizes must be large eno
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Photoemissive, Photovoltaic, Photoc
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The light wavelength range over whi
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Photoconductivity is an optical and
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ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
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At Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Certifications- ASNT *Time in Metho
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Vision Factors The focus of the len
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The Eyes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Starry Night Light sensitivity: 10
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Drill Rig at Bright Sunny Morning C
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Eye Refractivity At Relax Accommoda
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Myopia- Near Sightedness Charlie Ch
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Hyperopia - Farsightedness Charlie
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Hyperopia - Farsightedness Charlie
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The two kinds of light receptors in
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q Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Pupil, Iris, Sclera Charlie Chong/
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The Eye Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Keywords: Hue / Tone- Color Charlie
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Keywords: Hue / Tone- Color Charlie
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Color Characteristics Saturation: A
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Saturation Brightness (value) Satur
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The Colors: Hue/ Saturation & Brigh
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Glare Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Spectrum Limits of Visibility The e
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The Universe - The hidden colors Ch
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18 percent neutral gray card Charli
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Lighting: (applicable for NRC only)
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Magnification Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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Visual Examination Code Requirement
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The Jaeger eye chart is used for re
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ASME BPVC-XI-2010 2010 ASME Boiler
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A summary of ASME IWA-2212 VT-2 req
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AWS Certified Welding Inspector Ame
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Direction of View (DOV) Charlie Cho
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Reading 4 ASNT Nondestructive Handb
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SECTION 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF VISUAL AN
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PART 4: Safety for visual and optic
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For the purposes of this book, visu
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Keywords: Objects: • Testing of o
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1.3.2 Light Sources The light sourc
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Gas-discharge lamps are a family of
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Vapor Discharged Lamp Charlie Chong
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Vapor Discharged Lamp Charlie Chong
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Monochromator used prisms or gratin
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1Stroboscopic Movement Charlie Chon
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Stroboscopic Movement Charlie Chong
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Stroboscopic Sources Charlie Chong/
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千手观音 Charlie Chong/ Fion
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千手观音 Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Keywords: Photoelectricity detectio
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Bolometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Bolometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Thermopiles Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Multi-Junction Thermopiles The ther
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Photomultiplier Photomultiplier tub
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Photomultiplier Secondary emission
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Photomultiplier Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Photovoltaic Cell Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Photoemissive Cell Charlie Chong/ F
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1.3.5 Fluorescence Detection A mate
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More Reading on Light Light Measure
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2.1.1 Cystoscopes and Borescopes In
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2.1.2 Gastroscopes and Flexible Bor
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Keywords: Conventional Borescope Be
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2.1.3 American Development of Bores
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FIGURE 1. George Crampton, develope
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FIGURE 4. Periscope built in the 19
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FIGURE 5. Using a borescope, an ins
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Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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FIGURE 6. Inspector using a boresco
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2.2.0 Certification of Visual Inspe
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2.2.2 Expanded Need for Visual Cert
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Part 3: VISION AND LIGHT 3.1 The Ph
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3.1.2 Differentiation in the Field
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3.1.3 Searching the Field of View T
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Experimentation in the area of visu
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The diagram in Fig. 9 represents a
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http://art.nmu.edu/cognates/ad175/b
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3.3.2 Components of the Human Eye T
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FIGURE 10. Components of the human
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To ensure reliable observation, the
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Keywords: • The average eye views
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3.4.2 Near Vision Examinations The
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3.4.4 Grading Vision Acuity The cri
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An eye chart is a chart used to mea
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Snellen Chart- Far Vision Acuity Ch
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Jaeger chart Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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FIGURE 12. Letters used for acuity
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Many of the lighting conditions for
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There are slight differences betwee
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FIGURE 13. Vision acuity of periphe
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3.5.3 Visual Testing Viewing Angle
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The same principle applies to objec
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3.6.2 Color Vision Examinations Ten
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Color Vision Examinations-Ishihara
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Acquired color deficiency is a grea
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TABLE 2. Causes of acquired color v
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Anomaloscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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TABLE 3. Classification of color vi
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For the practical purpose of classi
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Pseudoisochromatic plates http://ww
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The exam consists of the examinee's
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To perform such an examination, two
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PLATE 1. Colored caps for normal co
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PLATE 3. Colored caps for normal co
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PLATE 5. Colored caps for green bli
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PLATE 7. Colored caps for anomalous
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Fluorescence is the absorption of l
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Keywords: Studies show that the int
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FIGURE 15. Electromagnetic spectrum
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FIGURE 15. Electromagnetic spectrum
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FIGURE 16. Human eye response at 10
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FIGURE 16. Human eye response to li
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Eye Spectra Responds: http://www.te
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Fluorescence Testing Charlie Chong/
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Part 4: SAFETY FOR VISUAL AND OPTIC
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The majority of such light-dark eff
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Because of the publicity of the hea
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However, the probability of visual
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FIGURE 1 7. Typical retinal burn th
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4.4 Ultraviolet Hazards Before deve
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It should also be mentioned that so
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For purposes of determining exposur
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TABLE 5. Threshold limit values for
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4.6 Damage to the Retina It is poss
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This analysis strictly holds only f
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4.7 Thermal Factor Visible and near
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Fortunately, few arc sources are su
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4.9 Visual Safety Recommendations T
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For my coming ASNT Level III VT Exa
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
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SECTION 2: The Physics of Light PAR
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PART 1: THE PHYSICS OF LIGHT 1.0 Ge
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Wave Theory The wave theory of radi
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Quantum Theory The quantum theory i
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The quantum theory and the electrom
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All forms of radiant energy are tra
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Planck and the Quanta In 1900, Max
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1.3 Blackbody Radiation The light f
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Black-body radiation is the type of
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1.3.1 Planck Radiation Law Data des
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FIGURE 2. Blackbody radiation curve
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FIGURE 2. Blackbody radiation curve
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The color (chromaticity) of black-b
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Wien Radiation Law Charlie Chong/ F
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1.3.4 Spectral Emissivity No known
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FIGURE 3. Radiation curves for blac
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1.3.7 Color Temperature The radiati
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1.4 Atomic Structure and Radiation
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Plank’s Equation Charlie Chong/ F
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1.5 Luminous Efficiency of Radiant
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Most observers yield only a slight
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PART 2: MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPERTI
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FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
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FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
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2.2 Photoconductor Cells Photocondu
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2.3 Photoelectric Tubes The photoel
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Photoelectric Effects Charlie Chong
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Photoelectric Effects http://whs.ws
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Photodiode Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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Photodiode Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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Phototransistors Charlie Chong/ Fio
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2.5.1 Observer Response Curves Ligh
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Photopic and Scotopic Vision Charli
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Between the levels at which the eye
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2.5.3 Measurable Quantities As indi
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2.6 Principles of Photometry 2.6.0
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2.6.2 Lambert Cosine Law The Lamber
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2.6.3 Photometric Reference Standar
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2.6.5 Means of Achieving Attenuatio
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Neutral gelatin filters are satisfa
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Both types of meters may be grouped
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2.8 Photovoltaic Cell Meters 2.8.0
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2.8.1 Spectral Response The spectra
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2.8.2 Transient Effects When expose
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The possibility of cosine error mus
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2.8.5 Effect of Cyclical Variation
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2.8.7 Electrical interference With
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Because of the large number of phot
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Luminance Photometers Charlie Chong
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2.9.3 High Sensitivity Photometer O
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High Sensitivity Photometer Charlie
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2.10.2 Visual Task Photometer The v
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Visual Equivalent Sphere Illuminati
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Background illuminance is then reco
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2.11 Reflectometers Reflectometers
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Various instruments are available f
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2.12 Radiometers Radiometers are so
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Various types of silicon photodiode
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2.13 Spectrophotometers Photometry
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Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ F
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2.14 Types of Photometers 2.14.1 Op
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2.14.3 Goniometer and Single Cell T
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2.14.4 Fixed Multiple Cell Photomet
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2.14.5 Moving Cell Photometer The m
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2.14.6 Moving Mirror Photometer In
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The presence of a finite source, it
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Integrating Sphere Photometer Charl
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At works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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SECTION 3: THE VISUAL AND OPTICAL T
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PART 4: VISUAL WELD TESTING PERFORM
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TABLE 1. Summary of the visual and
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1.1 Visual Testing in Product Desig
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1.2 Designing for Quality Assurance
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Management must decide what quality
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2.1 Cleanliness The act of seeing d
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This is done by increasing the angl
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2.3 Lighting for Visual Tests The a
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2.4 Light Intensities The nanometer
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Keywords: • A minimum intensity o
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Light measuring device- Photometer
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More clinically precise ways of mea
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FIGURE 1. Minimum angle for typical
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The lens does not pass light of the
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of color sensitive cones, nearly al
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FIGURE 2. Cross section of the eye,
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Rods and cones differ in the minimu
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3.4 Receptors Because receptors are
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3.5 Perception 3.5.0 General In ter
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FIGURE 3. In the MUller-Lyer illusi
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FIGURE 3. In the MUller-Lyer illusi
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3.5.2 Effects of Fatigue Seeing is
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Diabetic retinopathy is another con
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3.5.4 Effect of Observer's Attitude
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The optical image on the retina is
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3.6.2 Refractivity and Binocular Vi
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Myopia Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Hyperopia Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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3.6.3 Distance Judgment Binocular v
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3.7.1 Photochemical Processes The m
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3.7.2 Light Receptors The two kinds
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Light Receptors http://ncifrederick
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Cones http://users.rcn.com/jkimball
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3.8.1 Color Characteristics Every c
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3.8.2 Color Changes The critical ev
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3.9 Observer Differences The visibi
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4.1 Near Vision Acuity The majority
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4.3 Target Detection A critical per
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FIGURE 4. General view of 20/20 nea
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FIGURE 6. Photograph of 0.75 mm (0.
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4.4.2 Lighting and Target Angle Nea
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4.4.4 Psychophysics Psychophysics i
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4.6 Performance Standards for Visua
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FIGURE 8. Same plate as in Figure 8
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Transverse cracks can be fabricated
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Therefore, a reliable method must b
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There are several integrated visual
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4.9 Scanning Techniques Detection i
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Scanning coverage requires a visual
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The other key feature of artificial
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Dye Penetrant Testing Charlie Chong
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The blind test regime represents th
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Expert Diver at works Charlie Chong
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Expert Diver at works Charlie Chong
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Keywords: • some loss of depth cu
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The few visual standards that refer
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Remote Visual Tests Charlie Chong/
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Remote Visual Tests Charlie Chong/
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4.13 Other Factors Affecting Percep
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4.14 Recommendations for Visual Wel
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4.15 Conclusion Improved training a
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SECTION 4: BASIC AIDS AND ACCESSORI
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PART 4: MACHINE VISION TECHNOLOGY 4
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PART 6: TEMPERATURE INDICATING MATE
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PART 1: BASIC VISUAL AIDS 1.0 Gener
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Inspector’s Factors Charlie Chong
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Inspector’s Factors Charlie Chong
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1.1 Effects of the Test Object The
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FIGURE 2. Arrows indicate portion o
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FIGURE 4. Reflectivity helps determ
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FIGURE 6. Object depth (arrows) is
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Keywords: 1. Entry port size determ
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PART 2: MAGNIFIERS 2.1 Range of Cha
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Bi-Convex Microscope Charlie Chong/
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Bright Field Microscope Charlie Cho
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Bright Field Microscope Charlie Cho
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Oblique Microscopy Charlie Chong/ F
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Polarized Microscopy Charlie Chong/
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Interference Microscopy Charlie Cho
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Interference Microscopy A picture f
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Phase Contrast Microscopy Charlie C
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Chromatic correction (to eliminate
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Table 1 shows the characteristics o
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Reader Lens Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Eyeglass Loupe Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Eyeglass Loupe Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Triplet Magnifier Charlie Chong/ Fi
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2.1.2 Surface Comparators The surfa
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Other Surface Comparators Charlie C
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2.1.3 Measuring Magnifier A measuri
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2.1.4 Illuminated Magnifiers Illumi
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2.2 Low Power Microscopes 2.2.0 Gen
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Wide Field Tubes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Wide Field Tubes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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FIGURE 10. Typical measuring scales
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2.3.1 Wide Field Stereoscopic Micro
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FIGURE 11. Wide field stereoscopic
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2.3.2 Shop Microscope The shop micr
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Shop Microscope Charlie Chong/ Fion
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2.3.3 Brinell Microscope The Brinel
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Brinell Microscope Charlie Chong/ F
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Vicker Hardness Microscope Charlie
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2.4.1 Laboratory Microscope The con
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Metallurgical Microscope Charlie Ch
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2.4.2 Metallurgical Microscope The
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Metallographic Microscope Charlie C
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Polarizing Microscope on liquids Ch
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Polarizing Microscope on Liquid Cry
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Polarizing Microscope Charlie Chong
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objective is also available as an a
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Interference Microscope Charlie Cho
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Interference Microscope Charlie Cho
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FIGURE 12. Arrangement of elements
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FIGURE 12. Arrangement of elements
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Phase contrast microscopy is partic
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Phase contrast microscopy Charlie C
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As the name suggests, the differenc
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PART 3: BORESCOPES 3.1 Fiber Optic
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Fiber Optic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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FIGURE 14. Light paths in fiber bun
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Fiber Image Guides Charlie Chong/ F
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Fiber Image Guides Charlie Chong/ F
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3.1.2 Fiber Light Guides Another fi
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Fiber Image Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Rigid Borescopes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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3.2.1 Focusing a Rigid Borescope Th
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FIGURE 19. Borescope images with va
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3.2.2 Need for Specifications Becau
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3.2.3 Setup of a Rigid Borescope To
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FIGURE 22. Field of view width for
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FIGURE 23. Mini-borescope wide angl
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3.3 Special Purpose Borescopes Angu
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Panoramic borescopes Charlie Chong/
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Aircraft propeller blades are visua
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Aircraft Inspection Applications Ch
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Aircraft Inspection Applications Ch
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3.4.2 Automotive Industry Borescope
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3.4.3 Machine Shops Borescopes find
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3.4.4 Power Plants In steam power p
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3.4.6 Petroleum Industry Borescopes
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3.5.1 Angles of Vision To meet a wi
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3.5.2 General Characteristics Desir
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3.5.4 Depth of Focus, Field of View
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The entrance pupil is that image of
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3.6 Borescope Construction A boresc
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FIGURE 25. Components of typical bo
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Another application of the right an
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3.6.2 Forward Oblique Borescopes Th
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3.6.5 Section Borescopes Borescopes
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3.7 Special Purpose Borescopes Bore
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Periscopes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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3.7.4 Panoramic Borescopes The pano
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TABLE 6. Specifications of forward
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3.7.5 Reading Borescopes Low power
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FIGURE 28. Panoramic borescope: (a)
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Photography of the interiors of lar
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SECTION 4: BASIC AIDS AND ACCESSORI
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5.1 Cellulose Acetate Replication A
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5.1.2 Fracture Surface Analysis The
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Replicas, in the as-stripped condit
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Microstructural replication is done
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If analysis with the scanning elect
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Sputter deposition is a physical va
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Sputtering http://en.wikipedia.org/
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Sputtering http://clearmetalsinc.co
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Sputter Deposition Charlie Chong/ F
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5.1.4 Strain Replication The replic
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FIGURE 56. Principles of acetate ta
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Fatigue striations Charlie Chong/ F
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FIGURE 59. Documentation of creep d
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FIGURE 60. Documentation of stress
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TABLE 14. Action required for creep
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Cellulose Acetate Replication http:
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Replication Microscopy Techniques f
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Replication Microscopy Techniques f
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5.2.1 Use of Silicone Replicating M
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FIGURE 63. Silicon replicas used to
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Brittle Failure Chevron Marking Cha
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Temperature indicating sticks were
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Levels of Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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6.2 Certification of Temperature In
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6.3 Applications for Temperature In
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6.3.2 Verifying Oven Temperatures T
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6.3.4 Process Control Applications
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6.3.6 Precise Post forming Heat Con
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Another example of handforrning is
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6.3.7 Pipeline Coatings Epoxy powde
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The most common use for temperature
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FIGURE 67. Temperature indicating s
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PART 7: CHEMICAL AIDS 7.0 General T
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7.1 Test Object Selection Figure 68
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7.2 Surface Preparation Preparation
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7.2.2 Removing Rust and Scale Rust
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If the required finish cannot be ac
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FIGURE 70. Example of contrast reve
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7.3.2 Safety Precautions Etchants a
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Etchant Safety Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Etchant Safety Charlie Chong/ Fion
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7.3.3 Containers Containers used wi
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1. add the acid or alkali to the wa
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7.3.6 Disposal Before disposing of
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7.4.2 Swabbing Etching may also be
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7.4.4 Test Object Preservation Rins
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7.5 Conclusion Visual testing is pe
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Cellulose Replica Sheets Charlie Ch
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A As-Cast Condition: Casting withou
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C Casting Yield: The weight of cast
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Coreprint: A projection on a patter
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E Ejector Pins: Movable pins in the
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I Inclusions: Particles of slag, re
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M Mold: The form, made of sand, met
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P Parting Line: A mark or line prod
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ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT

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