ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT

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1.3.3 Stroboscopic Sources The stroboscope is a device that uses synchronized pulses of high intensity light to permit viewing of objects moving with a rapid, periodic motion. A stroboscope can be used for direct viewing of the apparently stilled test object or for exposure of photographs. The timing of the stroboscope also can be adjusted so that the moving test object is seen to move but at a much slower apparent motion. The stroboscopic effect requires an accurately controlled, intermittent source of light or may be achieved with periodically interrupted vision. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
1Stroboscopic Movement Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT 2
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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ASNT Certification Guide NDT Level
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4. Interpretation/ Evaluation • E
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SI Multiplier http://www.poynton.co
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Reading 1 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Reading 1 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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About Vision Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Keywords: • Light Spectrum Charli
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Keywords: • Scoptic & Photopic Vi
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Keywords: • Scotopic- night respo
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Keywords: • Subtractive primaries
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Cyan Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Light Refraction: Refractive Index
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Light Refraction: Refractive Index
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Surface Luminance: Inverse Square &
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Surface Luminance: Lambert’s Law
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Surface Luminance: Lambert’s Cosi
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Surface i
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The lambert (symbol L, la or Lb) is
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The Eyes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Rods and Cones The retina contains
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Rod and Cone Density on Retina Char
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Rod Details The rods are the most n
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Keywords: • Cones are responsible
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Visual Angle Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Visual Acuity: What is 20/20 Vision
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Color Vision: Photopic Vision depen
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Ishihara Plates Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Optical Illusion-Due to Contrast Ch
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Optical Illusion- Due to Contrast C
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Optical Illusion- The square A is e
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Optical Illusion- Simultaneous Cont
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Optical Illusion - Due to Brightnes
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Keywords: • Plano • Concavo / C
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Lenses and the focal lengths Charli
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Keywords: Surface Features: Affecte
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Surface Roughness Surface roughness
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A roughness value can either be cal
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Since these parameters reduce all o
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Ra- Average distance of the profile
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Keywords Anisotropic Surface: Perio
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Keywords: Anisotropic Surface- has
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Color & Gloss Visual Comparison for
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Natural Color System Charlie Chong/
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Natural Color System Charlie Chong/
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Munsell Color System Charlie Chong/
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Geometric Tolerances Charlie Chong/
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Metal Cells → Crystals Charlie Ch
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Keywords: • Atoms • Cells • C
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Keywords: Electrochemical Nature of
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Keywords: Metal Working Processes
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Metal Casting Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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• Primary forming processes - Met
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• Secondary forming processes - M
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• Secondary forming processes Cha
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• Secondary forming processes Cha
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• Finishing processes Charlie Cho
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• Finishing processes Charlie Cho
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• Joining Process Charlie Chong/
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• Services Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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• Services Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Profilometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Section 4: Documentation & Analysis
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The processes of producing replica
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In-situ Metallographic Replication
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The techniques: A standardized tech
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ASNT Level III VT- Reading 2 Pre-Ex
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Pump: A pump is a device that moves
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Centrifugal Pumps The pump impeller
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Seismic snubbers Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Forging: Rolling Defects Hear what
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Scabs Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Scabs Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Slivers On Rolled Steel Products
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Slivers are loose or torn segments
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Seams On Rolled Steel Products Char
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Seams On Rolled Steel Products Char
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Seams can be detected visually by e
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My rule of thumb was that if it was
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Laps On Rolled Steel Products Charl
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Laps: An etch of the full section s
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Cross section of steel bar exhibiti
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This post will focus on the central
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Chevron Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Polarization: (also polarisation) i
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Bolt Naming Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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About Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/
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Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Borescope • Objective lens • Re
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Diffraction refers to various pheno
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Diffraction http://physicshelp.co.u
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Diffraction Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Optical filters are devices that se
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Borescope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Level II- Notes My self Study Notes
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Steel Ingots Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Steel Ingots Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Level II Question on Ingot (my mist
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Ingot Discontinuities http://www.su
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Metal - More Reading Nondestructive
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Bimetallic Thermometer: Charlie Cho
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Hyperthermia Treatment Sitting in a
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Photometry is the science of the me
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Stroboscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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A stroboscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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Photopic (daytime-adapted, black cu
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Color Additive color is light creat
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Metallurgical Microscope An optical
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Ocular Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Single Len Magnification Magnifying
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Astigmatism is an optical defect in
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Farsightedness/ Hyperobia Charlie C
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About Sampling Terms & Definitions
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Acceptance Sampling Plan A specific
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AOQL Acronym for Average Outgoing Q
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AQL ..continues Comment: This defin
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ASN curve Acronym for Average Sampl
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Margin of Error The sampling error
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RQL Acronym for Rejectable Quality
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Statistically Valid An acceptance s
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About Light & Vision Charlie Chong/
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Blue-light hazard is defined as the
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Classical interference microscopy (
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Fillet Weld Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Concave Fillet Weld= Weld Size < We
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Fig. 1 - Fillet weld measurements:
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Fillet weld sizes must be large eno
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Photoemissive, Photovoltaic, Photoc
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The light wavelength range over whi
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Photoconductivity is an optical and
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ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
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At Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Certifications- ASNT *Time in Metho
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Vision Factors The focus of the len
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The Eyes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Starry Night Light sensitivity: 10
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Drill Rig at Bright Sunny Morning C
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Eye Refractivity At Relax Accommoda
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Myopia- Near Sightedness Charlie Ch
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Hyperopia - Farsightedness Charlie
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Hyperopia - Farsightedness Charlie
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The two kinds of light receptors in
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q Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Pupil, Iris, Sclera Charlie Chong/
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The Eye Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Keywords: Hue / Tone- Color Charlie
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Keywords: Hue / Tone- Color Charlie
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Color Characteristics Saturation: A
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Saturation Brightness (value) Satur
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The Colors: Hue/ Saturation & Brigh
Page 325 and 326: Glare Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 327 and 328: Spectrum Limits of Visibility The e
Page 329 and 330: The Universe - The hidden colors Ch
Page 331 and 332: 18 percent neutral gray card Charli
Page 333 and 334: Lighting: (applicable for NRC only)
Page 335 and 336: Magnification Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
Page 337 and 338: Visual Examination Code Requirement
Page 339 and 340: The Jaeger eye chart is used for re
Page 341 and 342: ASME BPVC-XI-2010 2010 ASME Boiler
Page 343 and 344: A summary of ASME IWA-2212 VT-2 req
Page 345 and 346: AWS Certified Welding Inspector Ame
Page 347 and 348: Direction of View (DOV) Charlie Cho
Page 349 and 350: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 351 and 352: Reading 4 ASNT Nondestructive Handb
Page 353 and 354: SECTION 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF VISUAL AN
Page 355 and 356: PART 4: Safety for visual and optic
Page 357 and 358: For the purposes of this book, visu
Page 359 and 360: Keywords: Objects: • Testing of o
Page 361 and 362: 1.3.2 Light Sources The light sourc
Page 363 and 364: Gas-discharge lamps are a family of
Page 365 and 366: Vapor Discharged Lamp Charlie Chong
Page 367 and 368: Vapor Discharged Lamp Charlie Chong
Page 369 and 370: Monochromator used prisms or gratin
Page 375: Monochromator used prisms or gratin
Page 379 and 380: Stroboscopic Movement Charlie Chong
Page 381 and 382: Stroboscopic Sources Charlie Chong/
Page 383 and 384: 千手观音 Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 385 and 386: 千手观音 Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 387 and 388: Keywords: Photoelectricity detectio
Page 389 and 390: Bolometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 391 and 392: Bolometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 393 and 394: Thermopiles Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 395 and 396: Multi-Junction Thermopiles The ther
Page 397 and 398: Photomultiplier Photomultiplier tub
Page 399 and 400: Photomultiplier Secondary emission
Page 401 and 402: Photomultiplier Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 403 and 404: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 405 and 406: Photovoltaic Cell Charlie Chong/ Fi
Page 407 and 408: Photoemissive Cell Charlie Chong/ F
Page 409 and 410: 1.3.5 Fluorescence Detection A mate
Page 411 and 412: More Reading on Light Light Measure
Page 413 and 414: 2.1.1 Cystoscopes and Borescopes In
Page 415 and 416: 2.1.2 Gastroscopes and Flexible Bor
Page 417 and 418: Keywords: Conventional Borescope Be
Page 419 and 420: 2.1.3 American Development of Bores
Page 421 and 422: FIGURE 1. George Crampton, develope
Page 423 and 424: FIGURE 4. Periscope built in the 19
Page 425 and 426: FIGURE 5. Using a borescope, an ins
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Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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FIGURE 6. Inspector using a boresco
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2.2.0 Certification of Visual Inspe
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2.2.2 Expanded Need for Visual Cert
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Part 3: VISION AND LIGHT 3.1 The Ph
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3.1.2 Differentiation in the Field
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3.1.3 Searching the Field of View T
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Experimentation in the area of visu
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The diagram in Fig. 9 represents a
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http://art.nmu.edu/cognates/ad175/b
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3.3.2 Components of the Human Eye T
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FIGURE 10. Components of the human
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To ensure reliable observation, the
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Keywords: • The average eye views
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3.4.2 Near Vision Examinations The
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3.4.4 Grading Vision Acuity The cri
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An eye chart is a chart used to mea
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Snellen Chart- Far Vision Acuity Ch
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Jaeger chart Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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FIGURE 12. Letters used for acuity
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Many of the lighting conditions for
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There are slight differences betwee
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FIGURE 13. Vision acuity of periphe
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3.5.3 Visual Testing Viewing Angle
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The same principle applies to objec
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3.6.2 Color Vision Examinations Ten
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Color Vision Examinations-Ishihara
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Acquired color deficiency is a grea
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TABLE 2. Causes of acquired color v
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Anomaloscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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TABLE 3. Classification of color vi
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For the practical purpose of classi
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Pseudoisochromatic plates http://ww
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The exam consists of the examinee's
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To perform such an examination, two
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PLATE 1. Colored caps for normal co
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PLATE 3. Colored caps for normal co
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PLATE 5. Colored caps for green bli
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PLATE 7. Colored caps for anomalous
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Fluorescence is the absorption of l
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Keywords: Studies show that the int
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FIGURE 15. Electromagnetic spectrum
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FIGURE 15. Electromagnetic spectrum
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FIGURE 16. Human eye response at 10
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FIGURE 16. Human eye response to li
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Eye Spectra Responds: http://www.te
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Fluorescence Testing Charlie Chong/
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Part 4: SAFETY FOR VISUAL AND OPTIC
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The majority of such light-dark eff
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Because of the publicity of the hea
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However, the probability of visual
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FIGURE 1 7. Typical retinal burn th
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4.4 Ultraviolet Hazards Before deve
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It should also be mentioned that so
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For purposes of determining exposur
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TABLE 5. Threshold limit values for
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4.6 Damage to the Retina It is poss
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This analysis strictly holds only f
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4.7 Thermal Factor Visible and near
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Fortunately, few arc sources are su
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4.9 Visual Safety Recommendations T
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For my coming ASNT Level III VT Exa
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
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SECTION 2: The Physics of Light PAR
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PART 1: THE PHYSICS OF LIGHT 1.0 Ge
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Wave Theory The wave theory of radi
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Quantum Theory The quantum theory i
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The quantum theory and the electrom
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All forms of radiant energy are tra
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Planck and the Quanta In 1900, Max
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1.3 Blackbody Radiation The light f
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Black-body radiation is the type of
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1.3.1 Planck Radiation Law Data des
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FIGURE 2. Blackbody radiation curve
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FIGURE 2. Blackbody radiation curve
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The color (chromaticity) of black-b
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Wien Radiation Law Charlie Chong/ F
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1.3.4 Spectral Emissivity No known
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FIGURE 3. Radiation curves for blac
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1.3.7 Color Temperature The radiati
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1.4 Atomic Structure and Radiation
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Plank’s Equation Charlie Chong/ F
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1.5 Luminous Efficiency of Radiant
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Most observers yield only a slight
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PART 2: MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPERTI
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FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
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FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
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2.2 Photoconductor Cells Photocondu
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2.3 Photoelectric Tubes The photoel
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Photoelectric Effects Charlie Chong
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Photoelectric Effects http://whs.ws
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Photodiode Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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Photodiode Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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Phototransistors Charlie Chong/ Fio
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2.5.1 Observer Response Curves Ligh
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Photopic and Scotopic Vision Charli
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Between the levels at which the eye
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2.5.3 Measurable Quantities As indi
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2.6 Principles of Photometry 2.6.0
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2.6.2 Lambert Cosine Law The Lamber
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2.6.3 Photometric Reference Standar
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2.6.5 Means of Achieving Attenuatio
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Neutral gelatin filters are satisfa
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Both types of meters may be grouped
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2.8 Photovoltaic Cell Meters 2.8.0
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2.8.1 Spectral Response The spectra
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2.8.2 Transient Effects When expose
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The possibility of cosine error mus
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2.8.5 Effect of Cyclical Variation
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2.8.7 Electrical interference With
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Because of the large number of phot
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Luminance Photometers Charlie Chong
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2.9.3 High Sensitivity Photometer O
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High Sensitivity Photometer Charlie
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2.10.2 Visual Task Photometer The v
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Visual Equivalent Sphere Illuminati
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Background illuminance is then reco
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2.11 Reflectometers Reflectometers
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Various instruments are available f
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2.12 Radiometers Radiometers are so
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Various types of silicon photodiode
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2.13 Spectrophotometers Photometry
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Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ F
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2.14 Types of Photometers 2.14.1 Op
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2.14.3 Goniometer and Single Cell T
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2.14.4 Fixed Multiple Cell Photomet
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2.14.5 Moving Cell Photometer The m
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2.14.6 Moving Mirror Photometer In
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The presence of a finite source, it
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Integrating Sphere Photometer Charl
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At works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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SECTION 3: THE VISUAL AND OPTICAL T
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PART 4: VISUAL WELD TESTING PERFORM
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TABLE 1. Summary of the visual and
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1.1 Visual Testing in Product Desig
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1.2 Designing for Quality Assurance
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Management must decide what quality
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2.1 Cleanliness The act of seeing d
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This is done by increasing the angl
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2.3 Lighting for Visual Tests The a
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2.4 Light Intensities The nanometer
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Keywords: • A minimum intensity o
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Light measuring device- Photometer
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More clinically precise ways of mea
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FIGURE 1. Minimum angle for typical
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The lens does not pass light of the
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of color sensitive cones, nearly al
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FIGURE 2. Cross section of the eye,
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Rods and cones differ in the minimu
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3.4 Receptors Because receptors are
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3.5 Perception 3.5.0 General In ter
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FIGURE 3. In the MUller-Lyer illusi
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FIGURE 3. In the MUller-Lyer illusi
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3.5.2 Effects of Fatigue Seeing is
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Diabetic retinopathy is another con
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3.5.4 Effect of Observer's Attitude
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The optical image on the retina is
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3.6.2 Refractivity and Binocular Vi
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Myopia Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Hyperopia Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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3.6.3 Distance Judgment Binocular v
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3.7.1 Photochemical Processes The m
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3.7.2 Light Receptors The two kinds
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Light Receptors http://ncifrederick
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Cones http://users.rcn.com/jkimball
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3.8.1 Color Characteristics Every c
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3.8.2 Color Changes The critical ev
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3.9 Observer Differences The visibi
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4.1 Near Vision Acuity The majority
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4.3 Target Detection A critical per
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FIGURE 4. General view of 20/20 nea
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FIGURE 6. Photograph of 0.75 mm (0.
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4.4.2 Lighting and Target Angle Nea
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4.4.4 Psychophysics Psychophysics i
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4.6 Performance Standards for Visua
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FIGURE 8. Same plate as in Figure 8
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Transverse cracks can be fabricated
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Therefore, a reliable method must b
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There are several integrated visual
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4.9 Scanning Techniques Detection i
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Scanning coverage requires a visual
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The other key feature of artificial
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Dye Penetrant Testing Charlie Chong
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The blind test regime represents th
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Expert Diver at works Charlie Chong
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Expert Diver at works Charlie Chong
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Keywords: • some loss of depth cu
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The few visual standards that refer
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Remote Visual Tests Charlie Chong/
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Remote Visual Tests Charlie Chong/
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4.13 Other Factors Affecting Percep
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4.14 Recommendations for Visual Wel
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4.15 Conclusion Improved training a
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SECTION 4: BASIC AIDS AND ACCESSORI
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PART 4: MACHINE VISION TECHNOLOGY 4
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PART 6: TEMPERATURE INDICATING MATE
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PART 1: BASIC VISUAL AIDS 1.0 Gener
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Inspector’s Factors Charlie Chong
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Inspector’s Factors Charlie Chong
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1.1 Effects of the Test Object The
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FIGURE 2. Arrows indicate portion o
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FIGURE 4. Reflectivity helps determ
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FIGURE 6. Object depth (arrows) is
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Keywords: 1. Entry port size determ
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PART 2: MAGNIFIERS 2.1 Range of Cha
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Bi-Convex Microscope Charlie Chong/
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Bright Field Microscope Charlie Cho
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Bright Field Microscope Charlie Cho
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Oblique Microscopy Charlie Chong/ F
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Polarized Microscopy Charlie Chong/
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Interference Microscopy Charlie Cho
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Interference Microscopy A picture f
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Phase Contrast Microscopy Charlie C
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Chromatic correction (to eliminate
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Table 1 shows the characteristics o
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Reader Lens Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Eyeglass Loupe Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Eyeglass Loupe Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Triplet Magnifier Charlie Chong/ Fi
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2.1.2 Surface Comparators The surfa
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Other Surface Comparators Charlie C
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2.1.3 Measuring Magnifier A measuri
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2.1.4 Illuminated Magnifiers Illumi
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2.2 Low Power Microscopes 2.2.0 Gen
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Wide Field Tubes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Wide Field Tubes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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FIGURE 10. Typical measuring scales
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2.3.1 Wide Field Stereoscopic Micro
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FIGURE 11. Wide field stereoscopic
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2.3.2 Shop Microscope The shop micr
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Shop Microscope Charlie Chong/ Fion
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2.3.3 Brinell Microscope The Brinel
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Brinell Microscope Charlie Chong/ F
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Vicker Hardness Microscope Charlie
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2.4.1 Laboratory Microscope The con
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Metallurgical Microscope Charlie Ch
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2.4.2 Metallurgical Microscope The
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Metallographic Microscope Charlie C
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Polarizing Microscope on liquids Ch
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Polarizing Microscope on Liquid Cry
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Polarizing Microscope Charlie Chong
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objective is also available as an a
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Interference Microscope Charlie Cho
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Interference Microscope Charlie Cho
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FIGURE 12. Arrangement of elements
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FIGURE 12. Arrangement of elements
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Phase contrast microscopy is partic
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Phase contrast microscopy Charlie C
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As the name suggests, the differenc
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PART 3: BORESCOPES 3.1 Fiber Optic
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Fiber Optic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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FIGURE 14. Light paths in fiber bun
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Fiber Image Guides Charlie Chong/ F
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Fiber Image Guides Charlie Chong/ F
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3.1.2 Fiber Light Guides Another fi
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Fiber Image Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Rigid Borescopes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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3.2.1 Focusing a Rigid Borescope Th
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FIGURE 19. Borescope images with va
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3.2.2 Need for Specifications Becau
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3.2.3 Setup of a Rigid Borescope To
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FIGURE 22. Field of view width for
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FIGURE 23. Mini-borescope wide angl
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3.3 Special Purpose Borescopes Angu
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Panoramic borescopes Charlie Chong/
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Aircraft propeller blades are visua
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Aircraft Inspection Applications Ch
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Aircraft Inspection Applications Ch
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3.4.2 Automotive Industry Borescope
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3.4.3 Machine Shops Borescopes find
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3.4.4 Power Plants In steam power p
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3.4.6 Petroleum Industry Borescopes
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3.5.1 Angles of Vision To meet a wi
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3.5.2 General Characteristics Desir
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3.5.4 Depth of Focus, Field of View
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The entrance pupil is that image of
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3.6 Borescope Construction A boresc
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FIGURE 25. Components of typical bo
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Another application of the right an
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3.6.2 Forward Oblique Borescopes Th
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3.6.5 Section Borescopes Borescopes
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3.7 Special Purpose Borescopes Bore
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Periscopes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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3.7.4 Panoramic Borescopes The pano
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TABLE 6. Specifications of forward
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3.7.5 Reading Borescopes Low power
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FIGURE 28. Panoramic borescope: (a)
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Photography of the interiors of lar
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SECTION 4: BASIC AIDS AND ACCESSORI
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5.1 Cellulose Acetate Replication A
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5.1.2 Fracture Surface Analysis The
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Replicas, in the as-stripped condit
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Microstructural replication is done
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If analysis with the scanning elect
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Sputter deposition is a physical va
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Sputtering http://en.wikipedia.org/
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Sputtering http://clearmetalsinc.co
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Sputter Deposition Charlie Chong/ F
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5.1.4 Strain Replication The replic
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FIGURE 56. Principles of acetate ta
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Fatigue striations Charlie Chong/ F
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FIGURE 59. Documentation of creep d
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FIGURE 60. Documentation of stress
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TABLE 14. Action required for creep
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Cellulose Acetate Replication http:
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Replication Microscopy Techniques f
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Replication Microscopy Techniques f
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5.2.1 Use of Silicone Replicating M
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FIGURE 63. Silicon replicas used to
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Brittle Failure Chevron Marking Cha
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Temperature indicating sticks were
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Levels of Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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6.2 Certification of Temperature In
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6.3 Applications for Temperature In
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6.3.2 Verifying Oven Temperatures T
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6.3.4 Process Control Applications
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6.3.6 Precise Post forming Heat Con
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Another example of handforrning is
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6.3.7 Pipeline Coatings Epoxy powde
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The most common use for temperature
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FIGURE 67. Temperature indicating s
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PART 7: CHEMICAL AIDS 7.0 General T
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7.1 Test Object Selection Figure 68
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7.2 Surface Preparation Preparation
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7.2.2 Removing Rust and Scale Rust
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If the required finish cannot be ac
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FIGURE 70. Example of contrast reve
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7.3.2 Safety Precautions Etchants a
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Etchant Safety Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Etchant Safety Charlie Chong/ Fion
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7.3.3 Containers Containers used wi
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1. add the acid or alkali to the wa
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7.3.6 Disposal Before disposing of
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7.4.2 Swabbing Etching may also be
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7.4.4 Test Object Preservation Rins
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7.5 Conclusion Visual testing is pe
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Cellulose Replica Sheets Charlie Ch
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A As-Cast Condition: Casting withou
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C Casting Yield: The weight of cast
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Coreprint: A projection on a patter
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E Ejector Pins: Movable pins in the
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I Inclusions: Particles of slag, re
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M Mold: The form, made of sand, met
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P Parting Line: A mark or line prod
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ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT

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