ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT

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Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13382.html
2.14 Types of Photometers 2.14.1 Optical Bench Photometers Optical bench photometers are used for the calibration of instruments for illumination measurement. They provide a means for mounting light sources and photocells in proper alignment and a means for easily determining the distances between them. If the source is of known luminous intensity (candlepower), the inverse square law is used to compute illuminance, provided that the source-to-detector distance is at least five times the maximum source dimension. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT 2
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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ASNT Certification Guide NDT Level
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4. Interpretation/ Evaluation • E
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SI Multiplier http://www.poynton.co
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Reading 1 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Reading 1 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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About Vision Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Keywords: • Light Spectrum Charli
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Keywords: • Scoptic & Photopic Vi
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Keywords: • Scotopic- night respo
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Keywords: • Subtractive primaries
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Cyan Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Light Refraction: Refractive Index
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Light Refraction: Refractive Index
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Surface Luminance: Inverse Square &
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Surface Luminance: Lambert’s Law
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Surface Luminance: Lambert’s Cosi
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Surface i
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The lambert (symbol L, la or Lb) is
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The Eyes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Rods and Cones The retina contains
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Rod and Cone Density on Retina Char
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Rod Details The rods are the most n
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Keywords: • Cones are responsible
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Visual Angle Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Visual Acuity: What is 20/20 Vision
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Color Vision: Photopic Vision depen
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Ishihara Plates Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Optical Illusion-Due to Contrast Ch
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Optical Illusion- Due to Contrast C
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Optical Illusion- The square A is e
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Optical Illusion- Simultaneous Cont
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Optical Illusion - Due to Brightnes
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Keywords: • Plano • Concavo / C
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Lenses and the focal lengths Charli
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Keywords: Surface Features: Affecte
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Surface Roughness Surface roughness
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A roughness value can either be cal
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Since these parameters reduce all o
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Ra- Average distance of the profile
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Keywords Anisotropic Surface: Perio
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Keywords: Anisotropic Surface- has
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Color & Gloss Visual Comparison for
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Natural Color System Charlie Chong/
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Natural Color System Charlie Chong/
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Munsell Color System Charlie Chong/
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Geometric Tolerances Charlie Chong/
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Metal Cells → Crystals Charlie Ch
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Keywords: • Atoms • Cells • C
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Keywords: Electrochemical Nature of
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Keywords: Metal Working Processes
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Metal Casting Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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• Primary forming processes - Met
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• Secondary forming processes - M
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• Secondary forming processes Cha
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• Secondary forming processes Cha
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• Finishing processes Charlie Cho
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• Finishing processes Charlie Cho
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• Joining Process Charlie Chong/
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• Services Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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• Services Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Profilometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Section 4: Documentation & Analysis
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The processes of producing replica
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In-situ Metallographic Replication
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The techniques: A standardized tech
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ASNT Level III VT- Reading 2 Pre-Ex
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Pump: A pump is a device that moves
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Centrifugal Pumps The pump impeller
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Seismic snubbers Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Forging: Rolling Defects Hear what
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Scabs Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Scabs Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Slivers On Rolled Steel Products
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Slivers are loose or torn segments
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Seams On Rolled Steel Products Char
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Seams On Rolled Steel Products Char
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Seams can be detected visually by e
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My rule of thumb was that if it was
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Laps On Rolled Steel Products Charl
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Laps: An etch of the full section s
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Cross section of steel bar exhibiti
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This post will focus on the central
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Chevron Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Polarization: (also polarisation) i
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Bolt Naming Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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About Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/
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Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Photogrammetry Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Borescope • Objective lens • Re
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Diffraction refers to various pheno
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Diffraction http://physicshelp.co.u
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Diffraction Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Optical filters are devices that se
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Borescope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Level II- Notes My self Study Notes
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Steel Ingots Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Steel Ingots Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Level II Question on Ingot (my mist
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Ingot Discontinuities http://www.su
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Metal - More Reading Nondestructive
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Bimetallic Thermometer: Charlie Cho
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Hyperthermia Treatment Sitting in a
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Photometry is the science of the me
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Stroboscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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A stroboscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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Photopic (daytime-adapted, black cu
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Color Additive color is light creat
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Metallurgical Microscope An optical
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Ocular Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Single Len Magnification Magnifying
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Astigmatism is an optical defect in
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Farsightedness/ Hyperobia Charlie C
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About Sampling Terms & Definitions
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Acceptance Sampling Plan A specific
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AOQL Acronym for Average Outgoing Q
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AQL ..continues Comment: This defin
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ASN curve Acronym for Average Sampl
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Margin of Error The sampling error
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RQL Acronym for Rejectable Quality
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Statistically Valid An acceptance s
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About Light & Vision Charlie Chong/
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Blue-light hazard is defined as the
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Classical interference microscopy (
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Fillet Weld Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Concave Fillet Weld= Weld Size < We
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Fig. 1 - Fillet weld measurements:
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Fillet weld sizes must be large eno
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Photoemissive, Photovoltaic, Photoc
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The light wavelength range over whi
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Photoconductivity is an optical and
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ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
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At Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Certifications- ASNT *Time in Metho
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Vision Factors The focus of the len
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The Eyes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Starry Night Light sensitivity: 10
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Drill Rig at Bright Sunny Morning C
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Eye Refractivity At Relax Accommoda
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Myopia- Near Sightedness Charlie Ch
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Hyperopia - Farsightedness Charlie
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Hyperopia - Farsightedness Charlie
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The two kinds of light receptors in
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q Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Pupil, Iris, Sclera Charlie Chong/
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The Eye Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Keywords: Hue / Tone- Color Charlie
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Keywords: Hue / Tone- Color Charlie
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Color Characteristics Saturation: A
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Saturation Brightness (value) Satur
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The Colors: Hue/ Saturation & Brigh
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Glare Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Spectrum Limits of Visibility The e
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The Universe - The hidden colors Ch
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18 percent neutral gray card Charli
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Lighting: (applicable for NRC only)
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Magnification Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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Visual Examination Code Requirement
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The Jaeger eye chart is used for re
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ASME BPVC-XI-2010 2010 ASME Boiler
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A summary of ASME IWA-2212 VT-2 req
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AWS Certified Welding Inspector Ame
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Direction of View (DOV) Charlie Cho
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Reading 4 ASNT Nondestructive Handb
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SECTION 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF VISUAL AN
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PART 4: Safety for visual and optic
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For the purposes of this book, visu
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Keywords: Objects: • Testing of o
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1.3.2 Light Sources The light sourc
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Gas-discharge lamps are a family of
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Vapor Discharged Lamp Charlie Chong
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Vapor Discharged Lamp Charlie Chong
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Monochromator used prisms or gratin
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1Stroboscopic Movement Charlie Chon
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Stroboscopic Movement Charlie Chong
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Stroboscopic Sources Charlie Chong/
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千手观音 Charlie Chong/ Fion
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千手观音 Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Keywords: Photoelectricity detectio
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Bolometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Bolometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Thermopiles Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Multi-Junction Thermopiles The ther
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Photomultiplier Photomultiplier tub
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Photomultiplier Secondary emission
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Photomultiplier Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Photovoltaic Cell Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Photoemissive Cell Charlie Chong/ F
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1.3.5 Fluorescence Detection A mate
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More Reading on Light Light Measure
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2.1.1 Cystoscopes and Borescopes In
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2.1.2 Gastroscopes and Flexible Bor
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Keywords: Conventional Borescope Be
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2.1.3 American Development of Bores
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FIGURE 1. George Crampton, develope
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FIGURE 4. Periscope built in the 19
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FIGURE 5. Using a borescope, an ins
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Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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FIGURE 6. Inspector using a boresco
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2.2.0 Certification of Visual Inspe
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2.2.2 Expanded Need for Visual Cert
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Part 3: VISION AND LIGHT 3.1 The Ph
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3.1.2 Differentiation in the Field
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3.1.3 Searching the Field of View T
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Experimentation in the area of visu
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The diagram in Fig. 9 represents a
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http://art.nmu.edu/cognates/ad175/b
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3.3.2 Components of the Human Eye T
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FIGURE 10. Components of the human
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To ensure reliable observation, the
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Keywords: • The average eye views
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3.4.2 Near Vision Examinations The
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3.4.4 Grading Vision Acuity The cri
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An eye chart is a chart used to mea
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Snellen Chart- Far Vision Acuity Ch
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Jaeger chart Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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FIGURE 12. Letters used for acuity
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Many of the lighting conditions for
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There are slight differences betwee
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FIGURE 13. Vision acuity of periphe
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3.5.3 Visual Testing Viewing Angle
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The same principle applies to objec
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3.6.2 Color Vision Examinations Ten
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Color Vision Examinations-Ishihara
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Acquired color deficiency is a grea
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TABLE 2. Causes of acquired color v
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Anomaloscope Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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TABLE 3. Classification of color vi
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For the practical purpose of classi
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Pseudoisochromatic plates http://ww
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The exam consists of the examinee's
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To perform such an examination, two
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PLATE 1. Colored caps for normal co
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PLATE 3. Colored caps for normal co
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PLATE 5. Colored caps for green bli
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PLATE 7. Colored caps for anomalous
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Fluorescence is the absorption of l
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Keywords: Studies show that the int
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FIGURE 15. Electromagnetic spectrum
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FIGURE 15. Electromagnetic spectrum
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FIGURE 16. Human eye response at 10
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FIGURE 16. Human eye response to li
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Eye Spectra Responds: http://www.te
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Fluorescence Testing Charlie Chong/
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Part 4: SAFETY FOR VISUAL AND OPTIC
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The majority of such light-dark eff
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Because of the publicity of the hea
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However, the probability of visual
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FIGURE 1 7. Typical retinal burn th
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4.4 Ultraviolet Hazards Before deve
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It should also be mentioned that so
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For purposes of determining exposur
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TABLE 5. Threshold limit values for
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4.6 Damage to the Retina It is poss
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This analysis strictly holds only f
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4.7 Thermal Factor Visible and near
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Fortunately, few arc sources are su
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4.9 Visual Safety Recommendations T
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For my coming ASNT Level III VT Exa
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
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SECTION 2: The Physics of Light PAR
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PART 1: THE PHYSICS OF LIGHT 1.0 Ge
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Wave Theory The wave theory of radi
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Quantum Theory The quantum theory i
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The quantum theory and the electrom
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All forms of radiant energy are tra
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Planck and the Quanta In 1900, Max
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1.3 Blackbody Radiation The light f
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Black-body radiation is the type of
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1.3.1 Planck Radiation Law Data des
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FIGURE 2. Blackbody radiation curve
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FIGURE 2. Blackbody radiation curve
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The color (chromaticity) of black-b
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Wien Radiation Law Charlie Chong/ F
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1.3.4 Spectral Emissivity No known
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FIGURE 3. Radiation curves for blac
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1.3.7 Color Temperature The radiati
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1.4 Atomic Structure and Radiation
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Plank’s Equation Charlie Chong/ F
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1.5 Luminous Efficiency of Radiant
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Most observers yield only a slight
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PART 2: MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPERTI
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FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
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FIGURE 4. Cross section of a barrie
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2.2 Photoconductor Cells Photocondu
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2.3 Photoelectric Tubes The photoel
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Photoelectric Effects Charlie Chong
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Photoelectric Effects http://whs.ws
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Photodiode Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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Photodiode Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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Phototransistors Charlie Chong/ Fio
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2.5.1 Observer Response Curves Ligh
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Photopic and Scotopic Vision Charli
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Between the levels at which the eye
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2.5.3 Measurable Quantities As indi
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2.6 Principles of Photometry 2.6.0
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2.6.2 Lambert Cosine Law The Lamber
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2.6.3 Photometric Reference Standar
Page 637 and 638: 2.6.5 Means of Achieving Attenuatio
Page 639 and 640: Neutral gelatin filters are satisfa
Page 641 and 642: Both types of meters may be grouped
Page 643 and 644: 2.8 Photovoltaic Cell Meters 2.8.0
Page 645 and 646: 2.8.1 Spectral Response The spectra
Page 647 and 648: 2.8.2 Transient Effects When expose
Page 649 and 650: The possibility of cosine error mus
Page 651 and 652: 2.8.5 Effect of Cyclical Variation
Page 653 and 654: 2.8.7 Electrical interference With
Page 655 and 656: Because of the large number of phot
Page 657 and 658: Luminance Photometers Charlie Chong
Page 659 and 660: 2.9.3 High Sensitivity Photometer O
Page 661 and 662: High Sensitivity Photometer Charlie
Page 663 and 664: 2.10.2 Visual Task Photometer The v
Page 665 and 666: Visual Equivalent Sphere Illuminati
Page 671 and 672: Background illuminance is then reco
Page 673 and 674: 2.11 Reflectometers Reflectometers
Page 675 and 676: Various instruments are available f
Page 677 and 678: 2.12 Radiometers Radiometers are so
Page 679 and 680: Various types of silicon photodiode
Page 681 and 682: 2.13 Spectrophotometers Photometry
Page 683 and 684: Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ F
Page 685 and 686: Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ F
Page 687: Spectrophotometers Charlie Chong/ F
Page 691 and 692: 2.14.3 Goniometer and Single Cell T
Page 693 and 694: 2.14.4 Fixed Multiple Cell Photomet
Page 695 and 696: 2.14.5 Moving Cell Photometer The m
Page 697 and 698: 2.14.6 Moving Mirror Photometer In
Page 699 and 700: The presence of a finite source, it
Page 701 and 702: Integrating Sphere Photometer Charl
Page 703 and 704: ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
Page 705 and 706: At works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 707 and 708: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
Page 709 and 710: SECTION 3: THE VISUAL AND OPTICAL T
Page 711 and 712: PART 4: VISUAL WELD TESTING PERFORM
Page 713 and 714: TABLE 1. Summary of the visual and
Page 715 and 716: 1.1 Visual Testing in Product Desig
Page 717 and 718: 1.2 Designing for Quality Assurance
Page 719 and 720: Management must decide what quality
Page 721 and 722: 2.1 Cleanliness The act of seeing d
Page 723 and 724: This is done by increasing the angl
Page 725 and 726: 2.3 Lighting for Visual Tests The a
Page 727 and 728: 2.4 Light Intensities The nanometer
Page 729 and 730: Keywords: • A minimum intensity o
Page 731 and 732: Light measuring device- Photometer
Page 733 and 734: More clinically precise ways of mea
Page 735 and 736: FIGURE 1. Minimum angle for typical
Page 737 and 738: The lens does not pass light of the
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of color sensitive cones, nearly al
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FIGURE 2. Cross section of the eye,
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Rods and cones differ in the minimu
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3.4 Receptors Because receptors are
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3.5 Perception 3.5.0 General In ter
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FIGURE 3. In the MUller-Lyer illusi
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FIGURE 3. In the MUller-Lyer illusi
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3.5.2 Effects of Fatigue Seeing is
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Diabetic retinopathy is another con
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3.5.4 Effect of Observer's Attitude
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The optical image on the retina is
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3.6.2 Refractivity and Binocular Vi
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Myopia Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Hyperopia Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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3.6.3 Distance Judgment Binocular v
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3.7.1 Photochemical Processes The m
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3.7.2 Light Receptors The two kinds
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Light Receptors http://ncifrederick
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Cones http://users.rcn.com/jkimball
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3.8.1 Color Characteristics Every c
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3.8.2 Color Changes The critical ev
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3.9 Observer Differences The visibi
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4.1 Near Vision Acuity The majority
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4.3 Target Detection A critical per
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FIGURE 4. General view of 20/20 nea
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FIGURE 6. Photograph of 0.75 mm (0.
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4.4.2 Lighting and Target Angle Nea
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4.4.4 Psychophysics Psychophysics i
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4.6 Performance Standards for Visua
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FIGURE 8. Same plate as in Figure 8
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Transverse cracks can be fabricated
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Therefore, a reliable method must b
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There are several integrated visual
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4.9 Scanning Techniques Detection i
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Scanning coverage requires a visual
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The other key feature of artificial
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Dye Penetrant Testing Charlie Chong
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The blind test regime represents th
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Expert Diver at works Charlie Chong
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Expert Diver at works Charlie Chong
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Keywords: • some loss of depth cu
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The few visual standards that refer
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Remote Visual Tests Charlie Chong/
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Remote Visual Tests Charlie Chong/
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4.13 Other Factors Affecting Percep
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4.14 Recommendations for Visual Wel
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4.15 Conclusion Improved training a
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At works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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SECTION 4: BASIC AIDS AND ACCESSORI
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PART 4: MACHINE VISION TECHNOLOGY 4
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PART 6: TEMPERATURE INDICATING MATE
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PART 1: BASIC VISUAL AIDS 1.0 Gener
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Inspector’s Factors Charlie Chong
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Inspector’s Factors Charlie Chong
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1.1 Effects of the Test Object The
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FIGURE 2. Arrows indicate portion o
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FIGURE 4. Reflectivity helps determ
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FIGURE 6. Object depth (arrows) is
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Keywords: 1. Entry port size determ
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PART 2: MAGNIFIERS 2.1 Range of Cha
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Bi-Convex Microscope Charlie Chong/
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Bright Field Microscope Charlie Cho
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Bright Field Microscope Charlie Cho
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Oblique Microscopy Charlie Chong/ F
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Polarized Microscopy Charlie Chong/
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Interference Microscopy Charlie Cho
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Interference Microscopy A picture f
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Phase Contrast Microscopy Charlie C
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Chromatic correction (to eliminate
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Table 1 shows the characteristics o
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Reader Lens Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Eyeglass Loupe Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Eyeglass Loupe Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Triplet Magnifier Charlie Chong/ Fi
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2.1.2 Surface Comparators The surfa
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Other Surface Comparators Charlie C
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2.1.3 Measuring Magnifier A measuri
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2.1.4 Illuminated Magnifiers Illumi
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2.2 Low Power Microscopes 2.2.0 Gen
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Wide Field Tubes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Wide Field Tubes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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FIGURE 10. Typical measuring scales
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2.3.1 Wide Field Stereoscopic Micro
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FIGURE 11. Wide field stereoscopic
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2.3.2 Shop Microscope The shop micr
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Shop Microscope Charlie Chong/ Fion
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2.3.3 Brinell Microscope The Brinel
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Brinell Microscope Charlie Chong/ F
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Vicker Hardness Microscope Charlie
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2.4.1 Laboratory Microscope The con
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Metallurgical Microscope Charlie Ch
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2.4.2 Metallurgical Microscope The
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Metallographic Microscope Charlie C
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Polarizing Microscope on liquids Ch
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Polarizing Microscope on Liquid Cry
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Polarizing Microscope Charlie Chong
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objective is also available as an a
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Interference Microscope Charlie Cho
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Interference Microscope Charlie Cho
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FIGURE 12. Arrangement of elements
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FIGURE 12. Arrangement of elements
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Phase contrast microscopy is partic
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Phase contrast microscopy Charlie C
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As the name suggests, the differenc
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PART 3: BORESCOPES 3.1 Fiber Optic
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Fiber Optic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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FIGURE 14. Light paths in fiber bun
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Fiber Image Guides Charlie Chong/ F
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Fiber Image Guides Charlie Chong/ F
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3.1.2 Fiber Light Guides Another fi
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Fiber Image Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Rigid Borescopes Charlie Chong/ Fio
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3.2.1 Focusing a Rigid Borescope Th
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FIGURE 19. Borescope images with va
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3.2.2 Need for Specifications Becau
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3.2.3 Setup of a Rigid Borescope To
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FIGURE 22. Field of view width for
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FIGURE 23. Mini-borescope wide angl
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3.3 Special Purpose Borescopes Angu
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Panoramic borescopes Charlie Chong/
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Aircraft propeller blades are visua
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Aircraft Inspection Applications Ch
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Aircraft Inspection Applications Ch
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3.4.2 Automotive Industry Borescope
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3.4.3 Machine Shops Borescopes find
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3.4.4 Power Plants In steam power p
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3.4.6 Petroleum Industry Borescopes
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3.5.1 Angles of Vision To meet a wi
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3.5.2 General Characteristics Desir
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3.5.4 Depth of Focus, Field of View
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The entrance pupil is that image of
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3.6 Borescope Construction A boresc
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FIGURE 25. Components of typical bo
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Another application of the right an
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3.6.2 Forward Oblique Borescopes Th
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3.6.5 Section Borescopes Borescopes
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3.7 Special Purpose Borescopes Bore
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Periscopes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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3.7.4 Panoramic Borescopes The pano
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TABLE 6. Specifications of forward
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3.7.5 Reading Borescopes Low power
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FIGURE 28. Panoramic borescope: (a)
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Photography of the interiors of lar
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At works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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SECTION 4: BASIC AIDS AND ACCESSORI
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5.1 Cellulose Acetate Replication A
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5.1.2 Fracture Surface Analysis The
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Replicas, in the as-stripped condit
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Microstructural replication is done
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If analysis with the scanning elect
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Sputter deposition is a physical va
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Sputtering http://en.wikipedia.org/
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Sputtering http://clearmetalsinc.co
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Sputter Deposition Charlie Chong/ F
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5.1.4 Strain Replication The replic
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FIGURE 56. Principles of acetate ta
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Fatigue striations Charlie Chong/ F
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FIGURE 59. Documentation of creep d
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FIGURE 60. Documentation of stress
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TABLE 14. Action required for creep
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Cellulose Acetate Replication http:
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Replication Microscopy Techniques f
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Replication Microscopy Techniques f
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5.2.1 Use of Silicone Replicating M
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FIGURE 63. Silicon replicas used to
Page 1109 and 1110:
Brittle Failure Chevron Marking Cha
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Page 1113 and 1114:
Temperature indicating sticks were
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Levels of Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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6.2 Certification of Temperature In
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6.3 Applications for Temperature In
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6.3.2 Verifying Oven Temperatures T
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6.3.4 Process Control Applications
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6.3.6 Precise Post forming Heat Con
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Another example of handforrning is
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6.3.7 Pipeline Coatings Epoxy powde
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The most common use for temperature
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FIGURE 67. Temperature indicating s
Page 1135 and 1136:
PART 7: CHEMICAL AIDS 7.0 General T
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7.1 Test Object Selection Figure 68
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7.2 Surface Preparation Preparation
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7.2.2 Removing Rust and Scale Rust
Page 1143 and 1144:
If the required finish cannot be ac
Page 1145 and 1146:
FIGURE 70. Example of contrast reve
Page 1147 and 1148:
7.3.2 Safety Precautions Etchants a
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Etchant Safety Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Etchant Safety Charlie Chong/ Fion
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7.3.3 Containers Containers used wi
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1. add the acid or alkali to the wa
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7.3.6 Disposal Before disposing of
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7.4.2 Swabbing Etching may also be
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7.4.4 Test Object Preservation Rins
Page 1163 and 1164:
7.5 Conclusion Visual testing is pe
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Cellulose Replica Sheets Charlie Ch
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Page 1169 and 1170:
A As-Cast Condition: Casting withou
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C Casting Yield: The weight of cast
Page 1173 and 1174:
Coreprint: A projection on a patter
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E Ejector Pins: Movable pins in the
Page 1177 and 1178:
I Inclusions: Particles of slag, re
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M Mold: The form, made of sand, met
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P Parting Line: A mark or line prod
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ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT

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