ZEND PHP 5 Certification STUDY GUIDE

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Chapter 6 Object Oriented Programming in PHP Object orientation is probably the area that has been subject to the most significant and far-reaching changes with the advent of PHP 5. Rather than making things incompatible with previous versions of the language, however, they enhance PHP 4’s meagre OOP offerings and make PHP 5 a fully functional object-oriented language—plus, of course, they make your life easier. OOP Fundamentals While the goal of this chapter is not to provide a guide to the concepts of objectoriented programming, it’s a good idea to take a quick look at some of the fundamentals. OOP revolves around the concept of grouping code and data together in logical units called classes. This process is usually referred to as encapsulation, or information hiding, since its goal is that of dividing an application into separate entities whose internal components can change without altering their external interfaces. Thus, classes are essentially a representation of a set of functions (also called methods) and variables (called properties) designed to work together and to provide a specific interface to the outside world. It is important to understand that classes are Licensed to 482634 - Amber Barrow (itsadmin@deakin.edu.au)
114 ” Object Oriented Programming in PHP just blueprints that cannot be used directly—they must be instantiated into objects, which can then interact with the rest of the application. You can think of classes as the blueprints for building a car, while objects are, in fact, the cars themselves as they come out of the production line. Just like a single set of blueprints can be used to produce an arbitrary number of cars, an individual class can normally be instantiated into an arbitrary number of objects. Declaring a Class The basic declaration of a class is very simple: class myClass { } // Class contents go here As you have probably guessed, this advises the PHP interpreter that you are declaring a class called myClass whose contents will normally be a combination of constants, variables and functions (called methods). Instantiating an Object Once you have declared a class, you need to instantiate it in order to take advantage of the functionality it offers. This is done by using the new construct: $myClassInstance = new myClass(); In PHP 5, objects are treated differently from other types of variables. An object is always passed by reference (in reality, it is passed by handle, but for all practical purposes there is no difference), rather than by value. For example: Licensed to 482634 - Amber Barrow (itsadmin@deakin.edu.au) $myClassInstance = new myClass(); $copyInstance = $myClassInstance();
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vi ” CONTENTS Operators . . . . .
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viii ” CONTENTS Delimiters . . .
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x ” CONTENTS The Factory Pattern
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xii ” CONTENTS Appendix A — Dif
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xviii ” CONTENTS study process mu
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4 ” PHP Basics Standard Tags Shor
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6 ” PHP Basics Comments Another c
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8 ” PHP Basics Another very impor
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10 ” PHP Basics You would expect
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12 ” PHP Basics ply the names of
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14 ” PHP Basics } echo ’myFunc!
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16 ” PHP Basics Arithmetic Operat
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18 ” PHP Basics $string2 = "baz";
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20 ” PHP Basics 4,294,967,296—w
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22 ” PHP Basics == Equivalence. E
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24 ” PHP Basics echo !$a; // outp
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26 ” PHP Basics Associativity Ope
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28 ” PHP Basics The code above wo
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30 ” PHP Basics true, the code in
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32 ” PHP Basics } echo $i . PHP_E
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34 ” PHP Basics i Error reporting
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38 ” Functions { } echo "Hello Wo
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40 ” Functions However, any time
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42 ” Functions Variable-length Ar
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44 ” Functions // Remove the defi
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48 ” Arrays assigns a numeric key
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50 ” Arrays $a = array (’4’ =
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52 ” Arrays } int(3) Note how the
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54 ” Arrays echo isset ($a[’a
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56 ” Arrays cope with the fact th
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58 ” Arrays If, however, all you
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60 ” Arrays $type = array(’inte
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166 ” Database Programming query,
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172 ” Elements of Object-oriented
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234 ” Security tions or classes l
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238 ” Streams and Network Program
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254 ” Differences Between PHP 4 a
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258 ” INDEX as stacks, 68 calcula
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260 ” INDEX constants, 14 class c
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262 ” INDEX removeAttribute(), 20
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266 ” INDEX ArrayAccess, 177 offs
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ZEND PHP 5 Certification STUDY GUIDE

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