ZEND PHP 5 Certification STUDY GUIDE

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Chapter 9 XML and Web Services Extensible Markup Language (XML) has become the format of choice for communication between disparate systems. Possibly its most common applications are the popular Really Simple Syndication (RSS) and Atom feed formats embraced by the blogging community for content syndication. However, XML is successfully used in many more instances to store arbitrary data in a well-structured way. Closely linked to XML, Web services have given rise to a new way of thinking about data. Web services provide a way by which any computer may exchange data with another using the web as a transport medium. Some Web services are free—indeed some companies are using free Web services as a convenient way to allow third parties to extend their products and enrich their business models—while others charge for their usage; some are complex, others are simple. Regardless, one thing is certain: Web services are changing the landscape of the Web. One of the most significant changes made in PHP 5 is the way in which PHP handles XML data. The underlying code in the PHP engine was transformed and rearchitected to provide a seamless set of XML parsing tools that work together and comply with World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendations. Whereas PHP 4 used a different code library to implement each XML tool, PHP 5 takes advantage of a standardized single library: the Gnome XML library (libxml2). In addition, PHP 5 introduces many new tools to make the task of working with XML documents simpler and easier. Licensed to 482634 - Amber Barrow (itsadmin@deakin.edu.au)
186 ” XML and Web Services This chapter will explore XML and Web services from the perspective of PHP 5. You will learn about XML and why it is an important format for exchanging data. We’ll discuss how to read, create, and manipulate XML data using SimpleXML, the DOM functions, and the XML Path Language (XPath). Finally, we will investigate Web services, looking at both SOAP and Representational State Transfer (REST) as methods by which services transfer data. i The Extensible Markup Language (XML) XML is a subset of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML); its design goal is to be as powerful and flexible as SGML with less complexity. If you’ve ever worked with Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), then you’re familiar with an application of SGML. If you’ve ever worked with Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML), then you’re familiar with an application of XML, since XHTML is a reformulation of HTML 4 as XML. It is not the scope of this book to provide a complete primer on XML. As such, we assume that you are familiar with the XML and XPath languages and their associated concepts. In order to understand the concepts that follow in this chapter, it is important that you know some basic principles about XML and how to create well-formed and valid XML documents. In fact, it is now important to define a few terms before proceeding: • Entity: An entity is a named unit of storage. In XML, they can be used for a variety of purposes—such as providing convenient “variables” to hold data, or to represent characters that cannot normally be part of an XML document (for example, angular brackets and ampersand characters). Entity definitions can be either embedded directly in an XML document, or included from an external source. • Element: A data object that is part of an XML document. Elements can contain other elements or raw textual data, as well as feature zero or more attributes. Licensed to 482634 - Amber Barrow (itsadmin@deakin.edu.au)
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vi ” CONTENTS Operators . . . . .
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viii ” CONTENTS Delimiters . . .
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x ” CONTENTS The Factory Pattern
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xii ” CONTENTS Appendix A — Dif
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xviii ” CONTENTS study process mu
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4 ” PHP Basics Standard Tags Shor
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14 ” PHP Basics } echo ’myFunc!
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ZEND PHP 5 Certification STUDY GUIDE

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