ZEND PHP 5 Certification STUDY GUIDE

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PHP Basics ” 25 The code above will prevent the call to mysql_connect() from outputting an error—provided that the function uses PHP’s own functionality for reporting errors. Sadly, some libraries output their errors directly, bypassing PHP and, therefore, make it much harder to manage with the error-control operator. The backtick operator makes it possible to execute a shell command and retrieve its output. For example, the following will cause the output of the UNIX ls command to be stored inside $a: $a = ‘ls -l‘; i Don’t confuse the backtick operator with regular quotes (and, conversely, don’t confuse the latter with the former!) Operator Precedence and Associativity As we have all learned in school, not all operations have the same precedence. When using an infix notation, the order in which operations are written in an expression lends itself to a certain amount of ambiguity which must, therefore, be resolved. This can be done in one of two ways: using parentheses to indicate which operations should be performed first, or by using a set of pre-defined precedence rules. Even if we establish the precedence of each operation, however, we lack one important tool: how do we decide in which order we execute operations that have the same precedence? This is determined by an operation’s associativity, which can either be left (operations are performed left-to-right), right (operations are performed right-to-left) or none (for operations that cannot be associated). The following table illustrates the precedence and associativity of each operation: Licensed to 482634 - Amber Barrow (itsadmin@deakin.edu.au)
26 ” PHP Basics Associativity Operator left [ non-associative ++ - non-associative ˜ - (int) (float) (string) (array) (object) @ non-associative instanceof right ! left * / % left + - . left > non-associative < >= non-associative == != === !== left & left ˆ left | left && left || left ? : right = += -= *= /= .= %= &= |= ˆ= = left and left xor left or left , Control Structures Control structures allow you to control the flow of your script—after all, if all a script could do was run from start to finish, without any control over which portions of the script are run and how many times, writing a program would be next to impossible. PHP features a number of different control structures—including some that, despite being redundant, significantly simplify script development. You should be very familiar with all of them, as they are one of the fundamental elements of the language’s structure. Licensed to 482634 - Amber Barrow (itsadmin@deakin.edu.au)
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Page 7 and 8: vi ” CONTENTS Operators . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: viii ” CONTENTS Delimiters . . .
Page 11 and 12: x ” CONTENTS The Factory Pattern
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ZEND PHP 5 Certification STUDY GUIDE

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