Design limits and solutions for very large wind turbines

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2 UpWind: Scientific integration Standardisation organisations require additional verifi cation measures for anemometers. The preferred method is to recalibrate the anemometers to verify that any possible degradation of the operational characteristics of anemometers during their operational period is kept within known limits. As an alternative to recalibration, on site comparison was investigated. Data was analysed from various in situ comparisons of anemometer calibrations. As a measure of “anemometer degradation” the square sum of the Systematic Deviation and the Statistical Deviation (SSD) between the two operating periods is used. For the in situ comparison to be considered successful, the SSD must be lower than 0.1 m/s for each wind speed bin (a tool used to make samples of wind speed) in the range of 6 to 12 m/s. In situ comparisons were successful for 90% of the examined cases. Acceptable results were found even for anemometers operating for more than 18 months on site. Recalibrations of anemometers in the wind tunnel after the end of the measurement campaign were in full accordance with the in situ results. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on the results. The operation time on site, the annual mean wind speed, the mean turbulence intensity and the annual mean temperature were examined. In order to reduce the statistical scatter, and identify possible interactions, the cases studied were separated per anemometer type and binned (categorised) per parameter type. It was seen that binned values for mean SSD with usage time have low dependence, since a longer operation time would cause greater degradation to anemometer bearings. However, for the anemometer type examined here, (Vector A100 series) the SSD values remain below the 0.1 m/s limit even for usage time exceeding 365 days [14, 15]. No obvious effect on deviation from site annual mean wind speed, mean turbulence intensity, or mean air temperature were detected for the covered parameter range. Therefore, “in situ comparison” as described in [16] is a reliable tool for the verifi cation of anemometer calibration integrity. Figure 3 : SSD values as a function of operation time on site (only cases with Vector A100 series anemometers) 0.16 16 SSD (m/sec) 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 6 to 7 9 to 10 11 to 12 IEC61400-12-1 Mean SSD Samples per bin 14 12 10 8 6 Sample per bin h 0.04 4 0.02 2 0 0 200 400 600 800 Days of use 0 30 March 2011
References [1] Dahlberg J.A., et.al., “Classcup – Development of a standardized cup anemometer suited to wind energy applications”, JOULE 2001. [11] Pedersen T.F., Wagner R., et al, Risø-R-1752, “UPWIND Metrology 1A2.3 – Advancements in Wind Energy Measurement Methods”, 2010. [2] Diznabi B., Investigation of the flow relation to nacelle anemometry, To be published Master Thesis, March 2009, MEK-FM-EP-2009-03 (not published). [12] N. Stefanatos, P. Papadopoulos, E. Binopoulos, A. Kostakos, G. Spyridakis, "Effects of long term operation on the performance characteristics of cup anemometers” Proc. Of EWEC 2007, Milan. [3] Eecen P.J., Stefanatos N., Petersen S.M., and Hansen K.S., UPWIND METROLOGY; Deliverable D 1A2.1 List of Measurement Parameters, ECN-E--07-015. [4] Eecen P.J., Stefanatos N., Pedersen T.F. and Hansen K.S., UPWIND METROLOGY; Deliverable D 1A2.2 Metrology Database, ECN-E--08-079. [5] Eecen P.J., and Wagenaar W.J., MEASNET Anemometer Calibration Round Robin 2009, Analysis of MEASNET reference wind speed, ECN-X-10-067. [6] Eecen P.J., 6 th MEASNET Round Robin; Sound Power Level and Tonality, ECN-X--07-146. [7] Frandsen S., Sørensen J.N., Mikkelsen R., Pedersen T.F., Antoniou I., Hansen K., The generics of wind turbine nacelle anemometry, EWEC 2009. [8] Lindelöw-Marsden P., Pedersen T.F., Gottschall J., Vesth A., Wagner R., Paulsen U., Courtney M.S., Flow distortion on boom mounted cup anemometers, Risø-R-1738(EN), 2010. [9] T.F. Pedersen, N.N. Sørensen, P. Enevoldsen Aerodynamics and characteristics of a spinner anemometer, The Science of Making Torque from Wind, August 2007, DTU. [13] N. Stefanatos, A. Kostakos, P. Papadopoulos, E. Binopoulos, "Verification of anemometer calibrations” Proc. Of EWEC 2010, Warsaw. [14] J.W. Wagenaar, P.J. Eecen, Gill Windmaster Sonic Anemometers, ECN-X--09-144. [15] J.W. Wagenaar, P.J. Eecen, Measurements of Wind, Wave and Currents at the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee, ECN-E--09-015. [16] J.W. Wagenaar, P.J. Eecen, 3D Turbulence at the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee, ECN-E--10-075. [17] “Accuwind – Accurate wind speed measurements in wind energy”, Risø-R-1563(EN), JOULE 2006. [18] IEC61400-12-1, 2005, “Wind Turbines-Part 12-1: Power performance. measurements of electricity producing wind turbines”. [19] IEC61400-12-2-CD “Wind Turbines-Part 12-2: Power performance. measurements of electricity producing wind turbines with the use of nacelle anemometry”. [20] MEASNET Measurement Procedure: Cup Anemometer Calibration, Ver. 2 2009. [10] T.F. Pedersen, L. Vita, N.N. Sørensen, P. Enevoldsen, Operational experiences with a spinner anemometer on a MW size wind turbine, EWEC 2008. Design limits and solutions for very large wind turbines 31
Page 3 and 4: UpWind Design limits and solutions
Page 5 and 6: Contents 1. UpWind: Summary - a 20
Page 7 and 8: 4. UpWind: Research activities ....
Page 9 and 10: Contract number: 019945 (SES6) Dura
Page 11 and 12: WORK PACKAGES AUTHORS: Nicolas Fich
Page 13 and 14: “ They did not know it was imposs
Page 15 and 16: UpWind methodology - a lighthouse a
Page 17 and 18: Control and maintenance strategies
Page 19 and 20: 2008 250 m Ø 160 m Ø Rotor diamet
Page 21 and 22: In addition to defining a clear way
Page 23 and 24: UpWind: Scientific integration 1A1
Page 25 and 26: Results Subtask A: Reference wind t
Page 27 and 28: Subtask C: Development of (pre)stan
Page 29 and 30: “ The more your system is optimis
Page 31: In relation to the coming IEC stand
Page 35 and 36: Results and conclusions First, prel
Page 37 and 38: 7. Electrical grid 7.1 Introduction
Page 39 and 40: UpWind: Technology integration 1B1:
Page 41 and 42: outboardblade Figure 5 : Sectional
Page 43 and 44: References [1] Ashwill T.D. and Paq
Page 45 and 46: [33] Schlotter M., “A Comparison
Page 47 and 48: unexpected failures is based on a b
Page 49 and 50: Active mass [ton] 250 200 150 100 G
Page 51 and 52: Research activities and working met
Page 53 and 54: Task 5: Interfaces Researching the
Page 55 and 56: • Capellaro M. and Kühn M., Aero
Page 57 and 58: This required a cost analysis of wi
Page 59 and 60: .UpWind: Research activities 2 Aero
Page 61 and 62: Engineering aerodynamic models by a
Page 63 and 64: “ Upscaling the current designs w
Page 65 and 66: Following the main route in impleme
Page 67 and 68: Figure 18: Damage modes according t
Page 69 and 70: “ UpWind demonstrated the importa
Page 71 and 72: Results Task 1: Integration of supp
Page 73 and 74: Task 3: Enhancement of design metho
Page 75 and 76: • Fischer, T., Kühn, M. and Pass
Page 77 and 78: Wind farms can be utilised to provi
Page 79 and 80: 18 Wind speed (upperline); rotor sp
Page 81 and 82: 25 v [m/s] 20 15 10 10 15 20 25 30
Page 83 and 84:
12 10 Blade 1 pitch angle [deg] 8 6
Page 85 and 86:
References [1] Bossanyi E. Controll
Page 87 and 88:
More specifically, the objectives o
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 32: Commercial LIDARs underg
Page 91 and 92:
“ UpWind showed the pathway for i
Page 93 and 94:
120 Break down Cyclic Condition bas
Page 95 and 96:
References [1] Caselitz P., Giebhar
Page 97 and 98:
Results An important task in UpWind
Page 99 and 100:
Typical wind farm layout optimisati
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110% P/P N P [MW] adjustable power
Page 103 and 104:
The analysis of small island grids
Page 105:
Design limits and solutions for ver
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