MEASURING WATER USE IN A GREEN ECONOMY - UNEP

List of figures and tables
Figure 2.1 The world economy operates within and depends on the global ecosystem............. 14
Figure 2.2 Creating a green economy: a triple challenge.............................................................. 15
Figure 2.3 The DPSIR framework.................................................................................................... 19
Figure 2.4 Stylised representation of resource decoupling and impact decoupling................... 24
Figure 2.5 Singapore GDP, population and total water consumption, 1965–2007....................... 25
Figure 2.6 Scenarios for economic growth and its pressures on resources............................... 26
Figure 2.7 Tap water intensity, total tap water use and GDP......................................................... 28
Figure 2.8 Sustainable water allocations to ecosystems and competing users.......................... 31
Figure 3.1 Simplified water budget at the river basin scale.......................................................... 35
Figure 3.2 Conceptual framework for ecosystem services........................................................... 42
Figure 3.3 Process diagram for determining the Ecosystem Services
Loss Index in Ghana........................................................................................................ 45
Figure 4.1 Main flows within the inland water resource system and the economy..................... 51
Figure 4.2 Per capita water footprint (CWRF) for food consumption in China
from 1961 to 2003............................................................................................................. 60
Figure 4.3 Life Cycle Assessment.....................................................................................................61
Figure 4.4 Modelling steps in Life Cycle Assessment.................................................................... 63
Figure 4.5 LCA and WFA using different ways to include impact assessments
in their calculations......................................................................................................... 64
Figure 4.6 Impact assessment methods in LCA............................................................................. 65
Box 2.1 Measuring water use — Jordan Water Information System........................................ 21
Box 2.2 The case of Singapore – an example of significant relative decoupling
of economic growth from freshwater abstraction and use......................................... 24
Box 2.3 More efficient use of tap water by the Dutch economy................................................ 28
Box 2.4 Dairy impact on water resources in the Mississippi River Basin................................ 30
Box 3.1 Open geospatial data standards for water.................................................................... 39
Box 3.2 Measuring ecosystem services at the river-basin level in Ghana.............................. 44
Box 4.1 The development of water trading in Australia............................................................. 48
Box 4.2 Added value of the water footprint: new dimensions
for better water management........................................................................................ 58
Box 4.3 Water footprint and virtual water trade in China.......................................................... 59
Box 4.4 Water consumption throughout a car’s life cycle......................................................... 62
Box 4.5 Comparing LCA and WFA............................................................................................... 66
Box 4.6 Examples of Virtual Water Assessments...................................................................... 69
Table 4.1 Water and ecosystem services in the draft common international
classification of ecosystem services (CICES)............................................................... 52
Table 4.2 Stages in LCA and WFA................................................................................................... 68
6